Mahavirni Dharmkathao Ane Mahavirna Dash Upasako - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Mahavirni Dharmkathao ane Mahavirna Dash Upasako" by Ramniklal M Shah, focusing on its content and significance:

Book Title: Mahavirni Dharmkathao ane Mahavirna Dash Upasako (Religious Stories of Lord Mahavir and Lord Mahavir's Ten Lay Disciples)

Author: Ramniklal M Shah

Publisher: Z_Aspect_of_Jainology_Part_2_Pundit_Bechardas_Doshi_012016.pdf

Overview:

This text, written by Ramniklal M Shah, serves as an introduction and commentary on two significant Jain Agamic texts: "Naya-dhamma-kaha" (Religious Stories of Lord Mahavir) and "Uvasaga-dasao" (The Ten Lay Disciples of Lord Mahavir). These translations were originally undertaken by Pandit Bechardas Doshi and published by Gujarat Vidyapith as part of the Pujabhai Jain Granthamala series. The author highlights the importance of these works within the broader context of Jain literature and the history of religious storytelling.

Key Points and Content:

Context of Jain Agamas: The text begins by explaining that the Jain Agamas are compilations of Lord Mahavir's original teachings, structured into twelve parts known as the Dwadasangi or Ganipitaka. It notes that the final part, 'Drishtivada,' is lost, but the remaining eleven parts and other important ancient Jain texts have been translated into Gujarati by experts.
Pujabhai Jain Granthamala: The Gujarati translations of "Naya-dhamma-kaha" and "Uvasaga-dasao" were among the first published in this series, appearing in 1931. These translations were instrumental in making these foundational Jain texts accessible to a wider audience.
The Importance of Religious Stories: The author emphasizes the universal role of stories, parables, wise sayings, and life events of great personalities in conveying religious messages across different eras and faiths. He draws parallels with the use of such narratives in Vedic literature, the Christian and Muslim religions, and the unique position of Jataka tales in Buddhism. Lord Mahavir, like other religious leaders, utilized these narrative techniques to embed his teachings in the hearts of common people, employing the vernacular language. Texts like "Jnata-dharma-katha" and "Uttaradhyayana-sutra" are cited as excellent examples of his narrative style.
Classification of Jain Literature: The text outlines a four-fold classification of Jain literature based on subject matter:
- Charana-karana-nuyoga: Literature related to conduct and ethics.
- Dharma-katha-nuyoga: Literature containing edifying stories, biographies, etc.
- Ganita-nuyoga: Literature on mathematics, astrology, etc.
- Dravya-nuyoga: Literature on philosophical and metaphysical subjects. The existence of a dedicated section for "Dharma-katha-nuyoga" underscores the significant role of religious narratives in Jain literature.
"Naya-dhamma-kaha" (Religious Stories of Lord Mahavir):
- Meaning of the Name: The name can be interpreted in two ways: (a) "Jnana" (knowledge/examples) and "Dharma-katha" (religious stories), signifying a text containing both; or (b) "Jnatu" (Mahavir) and "Dharma-katha" (stories told by Mahavir).
- Content: This work is part of the Shrutaskandha (division of scripture). The first part contains 19 studies with numerous stories and examples relevant to the monastic life. These stories illustrate essential qualities like equanimity, forbearance, diligent attention to sustenance, adherence to vows (like non-violence), the causes of spiritual upliftment and downfall, the potential for spiritual attainment by women (exemplified by Malli), and the importance of righteous conduct in household life. The second part focuses on the laxity in observance of vows by women and its adverse consequences, featuring multiple similar narratives.
"Uvasaga-dasao" (The Ten Lay Disciples of Lord Mahavir):
- Meaning of "Upasaka": The word "Upasaka" refers to a lay follower or a householder adherent to the Dharma. This term was also used in Buddhism. Later, the term "Shravaka" became more prevalent for lay followers.
- Content: This text provides insights into the religious lives of ten prominent lay followers (Upasakas/Shravakas) of Lord Mahavir. It explains the Jain system of vows for householders, which involves partial observance of the Great Vows (Mahavratas) like non-violence and truthfulness, along with the limitation of worldly pleasures and observances of subsidiary vows. The text details the ideal lives of ten lay disciples like Ananda, who, despite their prosperity and involvement in societal affairs, embraced and steadfastly followed these vows, progressing further in their spiritual journey. Lord Mahavir used their examples to advise his disciples and the monastic community to follow them with determination.
Translation Approach: The author highlights that the Gujarati translations are not literal but rather free translations (Bhavanuvad). The aim was to make the essence of the original texts accessible to the general reader, rather than solely for academic study. Repetitive descriptions and formulaic passages found in the original texts (known as "Varanaka" or standard descriptions) have been omitted to maintain the flow and readability. However, great care has been taken to ensure the original intent, essential details, and accuracy of the meaning are preserved.
Ancillary Features: The translated works include comparative annotations on historical and geographical names and technical terms of Jain conduct, providing valuable context. A glossary of difficult words is also included, making the translation easily understandable for ordinary readers. The annotations are praised for their insightful comparative analysis, offering substantial information for students of Indian culture.
Enduring Relevance and Call for Reprints: The author quotes Kakasaheb Kalelkar's preface from fifty years prior, which expressed the hope that these translations would foster deeper study of Jain Agamas and promote religious discussion and awareness. Kalelkar's praise for Pandit Bechardas's translations, stemming from his deep reverence for the scriptures and lack of sectarian narrowness, is highlighted as still relevant. The text concludes by noting that both these translated works have been unavailable for many years and expresses the necessity for their reprinting.

In essence, "Mahavirni Dharmkathao ane Mahavirna Dash Upasako" by Ramniklal M Shah serves as a valuable guide to understanding two fundamental Jain scriptures, emphasizing their narrative richness, ethical teachings, and the exemplary lives of early lay followers, all while highlighting the crucial role of accessible translations in disseminating Jain philosophy.