Mahavira Ka Jivan Sandesh

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Mahavira ka Jivan Sandesh" by Kaka Kalelkar, based on the provided pages:

Overall Theme and Purpose:

"Mahavira ka Jivan Sandesh" (The Life Message of Mahavira) is a collection of essays and discourses by the renowned thinker Kaka Kalelkar, focusing on Lord Mahavira, Jainism, and related philosophical and social concepts. The book aims to present Kalelkar's independent, sharp, clear, and syncretic views on these subjects, even if they differ from traditional interpretations. The publisher, Rajasthan Prakrit Bharti Sansthan, emphasizes the importance of respecting intellectual freedom and presents Kalelkar's thoughts as they were written.

Key Areas and Kalelkar's Perspectives:

The book covers a wide range of topics, offering Kalelkar's insightful analysis:

• Lord Mahavira and Jainism: Kalelkar deeply admires Lord Mahavira, viewing him as a supreme guru, the embodiment of non-violence, and a figure of broad, unifying vision. He notes Mahavira's "unique" place among spiritual leaders. Kalelkar's personal connection to Jainism is expressed as being a follower of Mahavira rather than a conventional sectarian Jain. He highlights Mahavira's emphasis on truth, as encapsulated in the phrase "Satya hi Bhagavan" (Truth is God).

• Ahimsa (Non-violence): This is a central theme. Kalelkar critiques the limited or ritualistic understanding of ahimsa found in some traditions, which might focus on avoiding certain foods or harming insects. He contrasts this with a broader, more encompassing view of ahimsa that addresses the widespread violence in human society – communal conflict, caste discrimination, exploitation, war, and cruelty towards animals. He believes that only a universal application of ahimsa and maitri (benevolence) can lead to spiritual and social progress. He argues that the core of Jainism lies in this comprehensive understanding of ahimsa, which he sees as a potential "world religion."

• Jain Philosophy (Anekanta/Syadvada): Kalelkar emphasizes the importance of Syadvada (the doctrine of manifold aspects) as a tool for intellectual non-violence and reconciliation. He believes that different perspectives on truth exist, and true understanding comes from respecting and integrating these diverse viewpoints rather than engaging in conflict. He sees this as a path to universal harmony.

• Jain Society and Practice:

  • Skepticism towards Rigid Ritualism: Kalelkar expresses concern about the excessive spending on temple renovations that destroys ancient craftsmanship, citing Paliatana as an example. He also notes with some surprise that Brahmins perform rituals in Jain temples, but finds consolation in their liberalism.
  • Critique of Materialism and Ego: He criticizes the tendency in some Jain circles to prioritize personal fame and commercial displays (e.g., inscribing names and donations on temple walls) over genuine devotion. He suggests a more humble approach to acknowledging generosity.
  • The Need for Engagement with Lay Life: Kalelkar questions the Jain community's apparent detachment from agriculture, seeing it as a potential weakening of their roots and a deviation from a holistic understanding of life and sustenance. He links land connection to self-reliance and the development of character.
  • Critique of "Jain vs. Jainetar": He challenges the perceived exclusiveness of Jain identity. He defines a true "Jain" as one who is devoted to the soul and its progress, not trapped in worldly attachments. He suggests that those who truly embody the spirit of Mahavira are the true Jains, transcending sectarian labels.

• Broader Religious and Social Commentary:

  • Rejection of Dogmatism: Kalelkar advocates for an open-minded approach to religion, rejecting the idea that any one religion is exclusively superior. He believes that different religions offer valuable paths to truth and spiritual growth.
  • The Concept of a "World Religion": He discusses the current global discussions around a "world religion" and suggests that Mahavira's teachings, particularly ahimsa, hold the potential for such a universal path.
  • Critique of Superficial Religiosity: He distinguishes between genuine religious practice and mere ritualistic adherence or outward show. He emphasizes the importance of inner transformation and sincere effort over mere pronouncements or adherence to outdated customs.
  • The Importance of Cultural Adaptation: Kalelkar stresses the need for religions, especially in their missionary endeavors, to adapt their form while retaining their core principles, echoing the idea of "Yatha Desha, Tatha Vesh" (As the country, so the attire).
  • Call for Social Reform within Jainism: He advocates for continuous re-evaluation and reform within the Jain tradition to address societal issues and maintain its relevance and vitality.

• Key Figures and Places:

  • Kaka Kalelkar: The author, presented as a profound thinker with a deep appreciation for Jainism and Mahavira.
  • Lord Mahavira: The central figure, revered for his philosophy of ahimsa and truth.
  • Pavaipuri: Visited and described as Mahavira's Nirvana place, with observations on its temples and the surrounding natural beauty.
  • Shrvanabelgola: The site of the colossal Gomateshwara statue, described in detail, including its historical context, artistic significance, and the spiritual lessons derived from it. Kalelkar reflects on the meaning of nudity in art and spirituality, the sculptor Chāmundarāya, and the profound spirituality of the statue.
  • Bahubali (Gomateshwara): His life story is presented as an epic of valor, renunciation, and spiritual attainment, highlighting his transformation from a powerful warrior to an enlightened soul.
  • Other Saints and Thinkers: Mentions of figures like Saint Eknath, Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi, Acharya Vinoba Bhave, and Dharmānanda Kosambi indicate Kalelkar's engagement with broader Indian intellectual and spiritual traditions.

Structure and Content:

The book is structured into several chapters, each focusing on specific aspects:

• "Jain Sthalo ka Darshan" (Glimpse of Jain Places): Visits to Mahavira's Nirvana place (Pavaipuri) and the "Land of Ahimsa" (Ahimsa ki Punyabhumi), likely referring to sites associated with Mahavira and Jainism. The description of Pavaipuri touches upon its sanctity and the author's reflections on history and faith. The journey towards Pavaipuri highlights natural beauty and reflections on Islam's ethical principles. The detailed account of the Jal Mandir at Pavaipuri contrasts it with Amritsar's Golden Temple, emphasizing its natural setting and the Jain principle of aparigraha (non-possession). Kalelkar also discusses the debate about Pavaipuri's authenticity as Mahavira's nirvana site.
• "Ahimsa ki Punyabhumi" (The Sacred Land of Ahimsa): This section delves deeper into the journey and the author's impressions of the landscapes and their spiritual resonance, connecting them to the essence of ahimsa.
• "Ajitvirya Bahubali": This section likely covers the life and exploits of Bahubali, a significant figure in Jainism, focusing on his valor and spiritual transformation. It includes discussions on his superiority, his renunciation, and the famous Gomateshwara statue.
• "Jain Samaj se Parichay" (Introduction to Jain Society): This part explores Kalelkar's relationship with the Jain community, his observations on their practices, perceived limitations, and potential strengths. He touches upon the difference between "Jain" and "Jainetar" and offers a critical yet appreciative perspective on Jain society.
• "Hindoo ki Drishti se Jain Dharm" (Jain Dharma from a Hindu Perspective): Here, Kalelkar analyzes Jainism through the lens of Hindu philosophy, discussing similarities, differences, and the concept of "Hindu" itself as a broad cultural and spiritual umbrella. He notes the exchange of ideas and influences between the Shraman and Brahmanic traditions.
• "Samast Hindoo" (All Hindus): This chapter likely broadens the scope to discuss the inclusive nature of Hinduism and how various traditions, including Jainism and Buddhism, can be seen as part of this larger spiritual fabric.
• "Mahavir ka Vishvadharma" (Mahavira's World Religion): This section focuses on Mahavira's teachings as a potential universal religion, emphasizing ahimsa, restraint, and the interconnectedness of life.
• "Dharm Sanskaran ki Avashyakta" (The Need for Religious Reform): Kalelkar advocates for the re-evaluation and adaptation of religious practices and doctrines to suit contemporary times while retaining core spiritual values. He discusses the dangers of stagnation and the importance of embracing change and reform.
• "Dharma Sanskaran: 1 & 2" (Religious Reform: 1 & 2): These chapters likely continue the discussion on the necessity of reform, addressing issues like ritualism, blind adherence, and the potential for spiritual decline if traditions become ossified.
• "Dharmon se Shrestha Dharmikta" (Religiosity Superior to Religions): This chapter likely explores the distinction between genuine religiosity and mere adherence to religious dogma, emphasizing the primacy of inner spiritual experience and ethical conduct.
• "Dharma ke Prakar aur Nye Dharmik Prashna" (Types of Religions and New Religious Questions): This section may categorize different religious approaches and discuss contemporary challenges and questions facing religious traditions.
• "Sarv-Tyag ya Sarv Swikar" (Total Renunciation or Total Acceptance): This chapter likely engages with the philosophical debate between asceticism and embracing life's experiences, perhaps exploring how different spiritual paths approach these extremes.
• "Syadvada ki Samanvay Shakti" (The Synthesizing Power of Syadvada): This chapter delves into the principle of Syadvada and its potential for reconciling diverse viewpoints and fostering understanding.
• "Pran aur Sanskarita" (Vitality and Culture/Refinement): This section likely discusses the interplay between life force and the development of refined cultural and spiritual practices.
• "Jain Dharm aur Ahimsa" (Jain Dharma and Ahimsa): This chapter is dedicated to the core tenet of ahimsa in Jainism, exploring its various dimensions.
• "Jivan-vyapi Ahimsa aur Jain Samaj" (Life-long Ahimsa and Jain Society): This section likely examines the practical application of ahimsa in daily life and its integration within the Jain community.
• "Ahimsa ka Naya Prasthan" (A New Departure for Ahimsa): Kalelkar likely proposes a contemporary interpretation and application of ahimsa in the face of modern challenges.
• "Ahimsa ka Vaigyanik Prasthan" (The Scientific Approach to Ahimsa): This chapter probably discusses the scientific basis or understanding of ahimsa, possibly integrating it with modern knowledge.
• "Mahamanav ka Sakshatkar" (Encounter with the Great Human): This section likely reflects on the experience of encountering and understanding great spiritual figures like Mahavira and the profound impact this can have.
• "Kshmapan ka Din" (Day of Forgiveness): Kalelkar discusses the significance of forgiveness, both offering and seeking it, within a spiritual and social context.
• "Dharmik Vyaktivad" (Religious Individualism): This chapter likely explores the balance between individual spiritual practice and the collective responsibility towards society and others.
• "Dharmabhavna ka Sawal" (The Question of Religious Sentiment): This section probably delves into the nature of true religious feeling and devotion, distinguishing it from superficial adherence.
• "Mahavira ka Jivan Sandesh" (The Life Message of Mahavira) - Part 1 & 2: These likely offer a concluding synthesis of Mahavira's teachings and their relevance for contemporary life.

Publishing History and Acknowledgements:

The preface by Devendra Raj Mehta, Secretary of Rajasthan Prakrit Bharti Sansthan, reveals that the manuscript was initially submitted to Bharatiya Jnanpith but was returned due to their "narrow perspective" on Kalelkar's independent views. It was later accepted by Shri Rajkishan Jain Trust but faced similar issues. The Sansthan took up the publication with great enthusiasm. The preface also thanks Sarojini Nanavati, Kusum Shah for providing the manuscript, Gulabchand Jain for his efforts, and Upadhyay Amar Muni for writing the introduction despite his vows of silence.

In essence, "Mahavira ka Jivan Sandesh" is a significant work that presents Kaka Kalelkar's deep and multifaceted engagement with Jain philosophy and Lord Mahavira's message. It encourages a thoughtful, inclusive, and reform-oriented approach to spirituality and social living, advocating for a practical and universal application of ahimsa and understanding.