Mahavir Shasan

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Mahavir Shasan" by Pandit Shri Lalitvijayji:

Introduction:

The book "Mahavir Shasan" (The Teachings of Mahavir) by Pandit Shri Lalitvijayji, published by Atmatilak Granth Society, serves as a detailed exposition of the life, teachings, and philosophical underpinnings of Lord Mahavir, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism. The text aims to illuminate the historical and religious context of Mahavir's era, his profound teachings, and their enduring relevance.

The State of India Before Lord Mahavir:

The book begins by painting a stark picture of India's religious and social landscape prior to Mahavir's advent. It describes a period of religious decline, where the ethical and spiritual principles established by the earlier Tirthankaras, starting from Lord Rishabhanath, had been corrupted or lost. The author highlights:

• Loss of Dharma: The pure spiritual practices and teachings were replaced by empty rituals, ostentatious ceremonies, and the dominance of a ritualistic priestly class.
• Corruption of Vedic Knowledge: The true meaning and spirit of Vedic scriptures were being forgotten, and scholars were engrossed in outward rituals and the pursuit of heavenly pleasures.
• Moral Decay: The societal atmosphere was permeated with desires, ignorance, and a focus on worldly gains rather than spiritual upliftment. The emphasis shifted from inner purity to external rites, and animal sacrifice was prevalent.
• Social Inequality: The caste system was rigidly enforced, with Brahmins holding undue power and privilege, often at the expense of other societal groups. The pursuit of spiritual knowledge was largely neglected.

The Arrival of Lord Mahavir:

Against this backdrop of spiritual and moral degradation, the book introduces the birth of Lord Mahavir.

• Birth and Early Life: Born in Kundalpur, the capital of the Ikshvaku dynasty, as Prince Vardhamana to King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala, Mahavir was destined to revive the true Dharma. Even in his childhood, he displayed extraordinary qualities of bravery, compassion, and wisdom. He was learned in all scriptures and sciences, yet his parents, influenced by societal norms, sent him to study under a scholar.
• Divine Recognition: Indra, the king of the gods, recognized Mahavir's divine potential and manifested his superiority by posing questions that the scholar could not answer, but which Mahavir elegantly resolved. This event showcased Mahavir's innate omniscience.
• Renunciation: Deeply moved by the suffering and ignorance of the world, Mahavir resolved to dedicate his life to its upliftment. He renounced his royal status, wife, family, wealth, and possessions, performing a grand act of charity before embarking on his spiritual quest.

Mahavir's Philosophy and Austerities:

The core of the book delves into Mahavir's teachings and his spiritual journey.

• The Power of Austerity (Tapa): Mahavir's fundamental principle was that all ultimate goals, true devotion, and even the seemingly impossible could be achieved through intense austerity. He emphasized that tapas (austerity) could even alter the course of karmic destiny and unlock the soul's infinite potential for knowledge and perception.
• Extreme Austerities: For twelve and a half years, Mahavir practiced severe austerities, enduring immense physical and mental hardships. He abstained from food and water for extended periods, endured physical torment inflicted by others (both human and divine), and faced numerous challenges without succumbing to despair. This immense self-discipline was a testament to his spiritual strength.
• Attainment of Kevala Jnana: Through his rigorous austerities and unwavering spiritual practice, Mahavir attained Kevala Jnana – omniscience and omnipotence. He became a Vitaraga (one free from passions) and a Sarvajna (all-knowing).

Mahavir's Teachings and Principles:

The book elaborates on Mahavir's core teachings:

• Universal Equality: Mahavir preached that every soul, regardless of caste, creed, or social standing, has the potential to achieve liberation (moksha).
• Compassion and Non-violence (Ahimsa): He emphasized that true religious merit lies in compassion towards all living beings, especially the helpless and downtrodden. He strongly condemned animal sacrifice and advocated for a life free from violence in thought, word, and deed. The text elaborates extensively on the nuances and practical application of Ahimsa in Jainism, addressing common misconceptions.
• Karma and Rebirth: Mahavir taught that one's present circumstances are a result of past actions (karma), which can originate from this life or previous ones.
• The Nature of Suffering: He highlighted that life is predominantly characterized by suffering, and the ultimate goal should be to break free from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara) and attain Nirvana.
• The Path to Liberation: Liberation can be achieved through pure living, control of desires, and spiritual discipline, not through rituals or sacrifices.

Key Disciples and Followers:

The book details the significant individuals who were drawn to Mahavir's teachings:

• The Ganadharas: Mahavir's primary disciples, the eleven Ganadharas, including Indrabhuti (Gautama), were learned scholars who were convinced by his profound wisdom.
• Royal and Noble Followers: Kings like Shrenik, Chetak, and Udayana, along with numerous princes and wealthy merchants, became devoted followers.
• Notable Lay Disciples: The text mentions significant lay followers like Anand, Kamdev, Chullani Pita, and many others who were wealthy and influential, demonstrating the broad appeal of Mahavir's message. The sacrifices of Shalimadra, who renounced immense wealth, are also highlighted.

The Five Kalyanaks (Auspicious Events):

The text explains the five cardinal events in the life of a Tirthankara, known as Kalyanaks:

1. Chyavana Kalyanak: Conception in the womb, marked by a mother's prophetic dreams.
2. Janma Kalyanak: Birth and subsequent divine celebrations, including the celestial bath on Mount Meru.
3. Diksha Kalyanak: Renunciation of worldly life and commencement of ascetic practices.
4. Kevala Jnana Kalyanak: Attainment of omniscience.
5. Nirvana Kalyanak: Liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

The Jain Sangha and its Structure:

The book describes the organized structure of the Jain community established by Mahavir.

• Ascetic Orders: It details the roles and designations of male and female ascetics (Munis, Aryikas, etc.).
• Lay Community: It emphasizes the importance of the householder community (Shravakas and Shravikas) and their adherence to vows.

Philosophical Discussions and Debates:

The text touches upon philosophical debates and the intellectual prowess of Mahavir and his disciples. The conversion of Gautama, an erudite scholar, is a significant example of how Mahavir's wisdom addressed complex philosophical questions, particularly regarding the existence of the soul.

The Spread and Preservation of Jainism:

The book also touches upon the historical spread and preservation of Jain teachings.

• Royal Patronage: It mentions how kings like Samprati and Kumarapala significantly promoted Jainism and its philosophy across various regions.
• Councils and Scriptural Preservation: The text alludes to important councils held in Mathura and Vallabhi for the compilation and preservation of Jain scriptures.
• The Role of Scholars: It highlights the dedication of scholars like Gautam Swami, Sudharma Swami, and Jambuswami in propagating Mahavir's teachings.

Concluding Thoughts:

The book emphasizes the importance of character, knowledge, and selfless service for individual and societal upliftment. It advocates for the diligent practice of Jain principles, particularly compassion and non-violence, as the path to true well-being and liberation. The author encourages followers to uphold the legacy of Mahavir by living virtuous lives and contributing to the welfare of all beings.

Overall Significance:

"Mahavir Shasan" serves as a valuable resource for understanding the life and teachings of Lord Mahavir, offering insights into Jain philosophy, ethics, and history. It aims to inspire readers to adopt the principles of Jainism in their daily lives, promoting spiritual growth, compassion, and universal well-being.