Krudantmala - Book Summary | JainGPT

This document, "Krudantmala" by Muni Shri Dipratnasagarji, is a comprehensive treatise on the formation of kṛdanta (participial formations) in Sanskrit grammar, specifically from a Jain perspective as suggested by the introductory salutations and the language used (Gujarati). It systematically explains how verbs (धातु - dhātu) combine with various suffixes (प्रत्यय - pratyaya) to create different types of participles, which function as adjectives or nominals.

The book is structured as a catalog of verbal roots and their transformations into various participial forms, categorized by the type of suffix used.

Here's a breakdown of the content based on the provided pages:

General Structure and Purpose:

Title: Krudantmala (कृदन्तमाला - Garland of Participial Formations)
Author: Muni Shri Dipratnasagarji
Publisher: Deepratnasagar
Content: The core of the book is a detailed list of Sanskrit verbal roots and the resulting kṛdanta forms derived by applying specific suffixes.
Organization: The book is organized by categories of kṛdanta types and then lists verbal roots, showing their derivation. The suffixes are generally listed in columns, and the corresponding forms for each verb root are presented row-wise or within cells.
Target Audience: Likely students and scholars of Sanskrit grammar, particularly within the Jain tradition.

Key Concepts and Categories of Kṛdanta Explained:

The book systematically covers various categories of participial formations. While the exact numbering and terminology might be specific to this text, the general categories of Sanskrit participles are present:

Past Active Participles (Perfect Participle): Derived with suffixes like kta (क्त) and ktavatū (क्तवत्). These often indicate a completed action. Examples include forms like "jagdh-a" (जग्ध) and "jagdh-avān" (जग्धवान्) for the root 'ad' (अद् - to eat).
Past Passive Participles: Also formed with kta (क्त).
Gerunds/Absolutive Participles: Formed with suffixes like ktvā (क्त्वा). These often indicate an action done before another. Examples: "jagdh-vā" (जग्ध्वा).
Future Active Participles (Future Active Imperfect): Formed with suffixes like śatṛ (शतृ), śānac (शानच्), and futures like syat (स्यत्), syatām (स्यताम्). Examples: "arc-y-ant" (अर्चयन्), "arc-i-shyat" (अर्चीष्यन्).
Future Passive Participles: Formed with suffixes indicating future passive. Examples: "arc-i-shy-amāṇa" (अर्चीष्यमाण).
Potential Participles: Indicating what ought to be done, formed with suffixes like tabhya (तव्य), anīya (अनीय), and yat (य). Examples: "akta-vya" (अक्तव्य), "aś-anīya" (अश्नीय), "ād-ya" (आद्य).
Verbal Nouns/Abstract Nouns: Derived from roots, often with suffixes like ghañ (घञ्), lyuṭ (ल्युट्), ktin (क्तिन्), bhāva (भाव). Examples: "arcanam" (अर्जनम्), "arcanā" (अर्चना), "aś-an" (अशन).
Agent Nouns: Indicating the doer of the action, formed with suffixes like tṛc (तृच्), ṇak (णक्). Examples: "arc-a-ka" (अर्चक), "aś-a-ka" (अशक), "bhart-ā" (भर्ता).
Infinitive Forms: Expressing purpose, often with the suffix tum (तुम्). Examples: "arc-i-tum" (अर्चितुम्), "aś-i-tum" (अश्-इतुम्).

Methodology:

The book appears to be structured as follows on each page:

Categories of Kṛdanta: The top section of each page lists the types of kṛdanta formations being discussed. These categories are often indicated by numerical points and grammatical terms (e.g., भूत - bhūta - past, वर्तमान - vartamāna - present, भविष्य - bhaviṣya - future, कर्तृ - kartṛ - active voice, कर्म - karma - passive voice, हेत्वर्थ - hetvartha - purpose, भावार्थ - bhāvārtha - abstract noun, etc.).
Suffixes: A column often lists the specific suffixes being used for these formations (e.g., क्त - kta, क्तवत् - ktavat, क्त्वा - ktvā, तृच् - tṛc, घञ् - ghañ).
Verbal Roots and Forms: The main body of the page presents various Sanskrit verbal roots (e.g., अद् - ad, अचू - acū, अशू - aśū, अस् - as, उद्+इ - ud+i, अधि+इङ्क् - adhi+iṅk) and their corresponding participial forms derived using the suffixes listed. The entries are meticulously laid out, often showing the root and then the resultant forms.

Specific Examples from the Pages:

Page 2: Lists roots like 'ad' (अद्), 'ach' (अच), 'ash' (अश्), 'as' (अस्) and their derivations with suffixes like kta, ktavatū, ktvā, śatṛ, anīya, etc.
Page 3: Continues with roots like 'as' (अस्), 'ud+i' (उद्+इ - to rise), 'adhi+iṅk' (अधि+इङ्क् - to learn), showing forms with kta, ktavatū, ktvā, tum, śatṛ, anīya, yat, etc. It also includes notes on grammatical rules like the prohibition of 'iṭ' (इट्) in certain cases.
Page 4: Focuses on roots like 'īkṣ' (ईक्ष् - to see), 'iṣ' (इष् - to wish), 'kath' (कथ् - to tell), 'kṛ' (कृ - to do), 'kṛt' (कृत् - to cut).
Page 5: Covers roots like 'kṛdh' (क्रुध् - to be angry), 'kṛ' (कृ - to do again), 'kṛ' (क), 'kṛt' (कृत), 'klap' (क्लप् - to be fit).
Page 6: Continues with roots like 'kram' (क्रम् - to go), 'krī' (क्री - to buy), 'krīḍ' (क्रीड़ - to play), 'klid' (क्लिद् - to cling), 'kṣudh' (क्षुध् - to be hungry).
Page 7: Covers roots like 'khyā' (ख्या - to tell), 'gaṇ' (गण् - to count), 'gam' (गम् - to go), 'gu' (गु - to sing), 'gṛ' (गृ - to swallow).
Page 8: Deals with roots like 'grah' (ग्रह् - to grasp), 'ghā' (घा - to give), 'chakṣa' (चक्ष् - to speak), 'khyā' (ख्या - to tell), 'kṣā' (क्शा - to sharpen).
Page 9: Focuses on roots like 'char' (चर - to move), 'chi' (चि - to gather), 'an' (अन् - to go), 'jāgṛ' (जागृ - to be awake).
Page 10: Covers roots like 'jñā' (ज्ञा - to know), 'tark' (तर्क - to think), 'tanū' (तणू - to stretch), 'tud' (तुद् - to strike), 'tṛṣ' (तृष् - to thirst).
Page 11: Continues with roots like 'tṛṣ' (तृष्), 'yaj' (यज् - to worship), 'vṛ' (वॄ - to cover), 'dham' (धम् - to blow), 'dviṣ' (द्विष् - to hate).
Page 12: Deals with roots like 'dhā' (धा - to give), 'dhū' (धू - to shake), 'dviṣ' (द्विष् - to hate), 'dṛś' (दृश् - to see), 'dyut' (द्युत् - to shine).
Page 13: Covers roots like 'dhā' (धा), 'dhū' (धू), 'dviṣ' (द्विष्), 'dṛś' (दृश्), 'dyut' (द्युत्). It includes notes on the sound 'g' (ग) and 'gh' (घ).
Page 14: Focuses on roots like 'han' (हन् - to kill), 'nan' (नृत् - to dance), 'nin' (निन्द् - to blame), 'nī' (नी - to lead).
Page 15: Deals with roots like 'pac' (पच् - to cook), 'pat' (पत् - to fall), 'pā' (पा - to drink), 'puṣ' (पुष् - to nourish), 'pṛ' (पृ - to fill).
Page 16: Continues with roots like 'pṛ' (पृ).
Page 17: Covers roots like 'pracch' (प्रच्छ् - to ask), 'budh' (बुध् - to know), 'vac' (वच् - to speak).
Page 18: Deals with roots like 'bhaj' (भज् - to divide), 'bhañj' (भञ्ज् - to break), 'bhid' (भिद् - to split), 'bhī' (भी - to fear), 'bhū' (भू - to be), 'bhram' (भ्रम् - to wander).
Page 19: Continues with roots like 'bhram' (भ्रम्).
Page 20: Focuses on roots like 'mṛj' (मृज् - to clean), 'muc' (मुच् - to release), 'muh' (मुह् - to be confused), 'yaj' (यज् - to worship).
Page 21: Deals with roots like 'yaj' (यज्), 'rudh' (रुध् - to obstruct), 'lamb' (लम्ब् - to hang), 'laj' (लज् - to be ashamed), 'lam' (लम् - to be greedy).
Page 22: Covers roots like 'vah' (वह - to carry), 'viś' (विश् - to enter), 'vid' (विद् - to know), 'vṛt' (वृत् - to turn).
Page 23: Continues with roots like 'vṛt' (वृत्).
Page 24: Focuses on roots like 'vye' (व्यै - to go), 'śak' (शक् - to be able), 'śam' (शम् - to be quiet), 'ā+śās' (आ+शास् - to command), 'śī' (शी - to lie down).
Page 25: Deals with roots like 'śram' (श्रम - to labor), 'śri' (श्रि - to depend), 'śru' (श्रु - to hear), 'śliṣ' (श्लिष् - to embrace), 'śu' (शु - to purify).
Page 26: Covers roots like 'śram' (श्रम), 'śri' (श्रि), 'śru' (श्रु), 'śliṣ' (श्लिष्), 'śu' (शु).
Page 27: Continues with roots like 'sah' (सह - to bear), 'sṛj' (सृज् - to create), 'sev' (सेव् - to serve), 'su' (सु - to press).
Page 28: Focuses on roots like 'sthā' (स्था - to stand), 'spṛh' (स्पृह् - to desire), 'sphāy' (स्फाय् - to grow).
Page 29: Deals with roots like 'smṛ' (स्मृ - to remember), 'svap' (स्वप् - to sleep).
Page 30: Covers roots like 'han' (हन् - to kill), 'hā' (हा - to go), 'hṛ' (हृ - to take).
Page 31: Continues with the explanation of anubandha (अनुबंध - elements that are added and later dropped in grammar) and their phonetic implications, referring to specific sutras.

Grammatical Notes and Principles:

The text frequently includes footnotes and parenthetical remarks that explain specific grammatical rules, exceptions, and the application of certain sutras (aphorisms) from Sanskrit grammar, particularly relating to the presence or absence of the 'iṭ' (इट् -augment 'i'), vowel changes (गुण - guṇa, वृद्धि - vṛddhi), and the use of other augmentations or modifications. It highlights the role of certain letters as anubandhas and their influence on the formation of participles.

Overall Significance:

"Krudantmala" serves as a valuable reference for understanding the complex system of Sanskrit participial formation. By systematically listing verbal roots and their derived forms with various suffixes, it provides a practical guide for anyone studying Sanskrit grammar, especially within the Jain tradition, which often emphasizes detailed grammatical analysis for scriptural study. The comprehensive nature of the work, covering a wide range of roots and suffixes, makes it a significant contribution to the field of Sanskrit lexicography and morphology.