Kalpasutra Part 01 Sthanakvasi Gujarati

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Overall Context:

The provided text is the first part of the Kalpasutra, a significant Jain scripture, specifically the Sthanakvasi Gujarati edition, with commentary by Ghasilal Maharaj. The catalog link indicates it's part of a larger publication effort focused on making Jain scriptures accessible. The text begins with traditional Jain invocations and then delves into specific rules and narratives related to Jain monastic conduct and the life of Bhagavan Mahavir.

Key Sections and Content:

1. Invocation and Introduction (Pages 1-5):

   • Page 1: Opens with the Navkar Mantra ("Namo Arihantanam, Namo Siddhanam, Namo Ayariyanam, Namo Uvajjhayanam, Namo Loe Savva Sahunam. Eṣo Pañca Namukkāro Savva Pappāppanāsaṇo, Maṅgalāṇaṁ ca Savvesi Paḍhamaṁ Havai Maṅgalaṁ"). This is a universal prayer in Jainism, expressing reverence to the Arihants, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, and all monks, and is considered the most auspicious of all auspicious things, capable of destroying all sins.
   • Pages 2-5: These pages provide publication details, including the publisher (A B Shwetambar Sthanakvasi Jain Shastroddhar Samiti), author Ghasilal Maharaj, and mentions of DVDs and websites related to the publication (jainagam.com). It also details the first edition publication in 1958, commemorating the 2484th year of the Veer Nirvana Samvat. It lists the title as "Shri Kalpa Sutra: Part 01."

2. Rules for Study (Asvadhyaya) (Pages 6-10):

   • This is a significant portion of the provided text, detailing specific times and circumstances when the study of the "Mulpath" (original text) is prohibited, known as "Asvadhyaya."
   • Recommended Study Times: The text suggests studying the original text during the first and fourth quarters of the day and night.
   • Prohibited Times: Studying is prohibited during dawn, dusk, midday, and midnight for specific durations (two "ghadi" or 48 minutes). A "ghadi" is defined as 24 minutes before sunrise and 24 minutes after sunrise.
   • Gender-Specific Rules: Women in their menstrual cycle are not permitted to study the text, nor should they be present during the study. Study should occur in a separate room where they are not present.
   • Thirty-Two Prohibitions (Asvadhyaya Prasanga): The text elaborates on numerous situations that lead to Asvadhyaya, categorized into:
     • 10 Sky-Related Prohibitions: These include events like meteors (Ulkapāt), directional fires (Digdāha), thunderous sounds (Garjārava), celestial roars (Nirghāta), lightning (Vidyut), specific celestial light phenomena (Yūpaka, Yakṣādīpta), and fog/mist (Dhūmikā Kr̥ṣṇa, Mahikā Śvēta) and dust storms (Rajōd'ghāta). These have specific durations of prohibition, ranging from one "Prahar" (3 hours) to eight "Prahars" (24 hours).
     • 10 Corporeal Body-Related Prohibitions: These relate to the physical body and its state, including the presence of bones, flesh, or blood that haven't been fully cremated or washed away (Hāḍkaṁ-Mānsa, Rudhira); broken eggs (Phuṭēluṁ Iṇḍu); visible feces or urine and their odor (Mal-Mūtra); proximity to a cremation ground (Śmaśāna); eclipses (Chandra Grahaṇa, Surya Grahaṇa); political unrest or war (Rājavyagrata); death of a ruler or important person until cremation and successor appointment (Patan); and the presence of a dead body of a five-sensed being within a certain radius of the place of worship (Audārika Śarīra).
     • Eight Specific Occasions: This includes four major festivals (Mahotsava) and the four days following them (Pratipadā) – Ashadh Purnima (Bhūta Mahotsava), Ashwin Purnima (Indra Mahotsava), Kartik Purnima (Skandha Mahotsava), and Chaitri Purnima (Yakṣa Mahotsava), along with their subsequent new moon days.
     • Time-Based Prohibitions: Again mentions the prohibition during sunrise/sunset (one ghadi before and after) and midday/midnight (one ghadi before and after).
   • Important Disclaimer: The text explicitly states that these Asvadhyaya rules are for the original text (Mulpath) and not for translations in Gujarati or other languages. It emphasizes the importance of humility and following the guidance of elders in such situations.

3. Table of Contents/Subject Index (Pages 11-15):

   • This section presents a detailed index of topics covered within the Kalpasutra, indicated by page numbers. The index is crucial for understanding the scope of the scripture. Key categories include:
     • Stavirādhya (Topics related to elders/senior monks): This covers rules regarding possessions (Vastra-pātrādi grahaṇaniyamah), food and drink (mōṭēśiṭhaśanapānajādh'svādha-vastrapātragrahaṇa niṣēdhaḥ), sleep arrangements (śayyātārapā'ra ād'niṣēdhaḥ), specific prohibitions (rāṇapiāgraha niṣēdhaḥ), conduct (kr̥tiṭh'v'yāraḥ), vows (mahāvrata ut'p'aḥ), livelihood (paryāyaparyēṣṭha'ut'p'aḥ), dwelling (pratiṣṭhābhāśaṭh'ut'p'aḥ), purification rules for monks and nuns (sādhūnāṁ bhāsalapavidhiḥ, sādhvīnāṁ bhāsadyapavidhiḥ), restrictions on movement (mēḍaprāṭhārāhile grābhāhau sādh'u-sādhvīnāṁ sabhṭhālanivāsa niṣēdhaḥ), nighttime travel prohibition (sādh'u-sādhvīnāṁ rātrau sandhyāyaṁ y bhārgagamana niṣēdhaḥ), rules on accepting items (sādh'u-sādhvīnāṁ sāp'avān agrāhyavastu grahāniṣēdhaḥ), nighttime eating/drinking prohibition (sādh'u-sādhvīnāṁ rātrāvaśanapānādi niṣēdhaḥ), rules on company (sādh'u-sādhvīnāṁ sāp'avāsaṁjaḍibhōpana niṣēdhaḥ), festivals (pary'uṣātp'aḥ), retreat during monsoon (sādh'u-sādhvīnāṁ varṣāvāsavihāra niṣēdhaḥ), details of Paryushan (pary'uṣāśā-hivasa niḻpārām, pary'uṣāśā-hivase pary'uṣāśāniṣēdhaḥ, pary'uṣāśātō pūrva uśas'uṁyanṭhāla pratipāhanaṁ), tapasya (sādh'u-sādhvīnāṁ tapasō'vaśy'urttavyatā), prohibition of eating during Paryushan (pary'uṣāśāyaṁ sarvathā''āhārāṣṭiniṣēdhaḥ), rules for monsoon retreat boundaries (varṣāvāse kṣētrāvagrahaprabhā thanaṁ), rules on alms (sādh'u-sādhvīnāṁ bhikṣā'vagrahara niḻpārām, n'iṣaddha bhikṣā'vagrahant'h'anaṁ, bhikṣāviṣayē'nyaniṣēdhathanṁ, gruhīṭhāśanāhīnāṁ vivakṣitṭhālānaṁantarē māpanīyatā niḻpāśam), rules regarding recipients of alms (sth'itta-ḻālavāhīnāṁ bhalapa nīyatvaṁ), prohibition of eating in certain vessels (up m'atāpasūpātrāhiṣu aśanāghiniṣēdhaḥ), undertaking religious practices (pratijanāyāḥ savidhi ṭhāsaddhaye urttavyatā, ut'pan'ithā'ut'panīyavasati niḻpārāb, gurvājñayaiva tapaḥpr̥tīnāṁ urttavyatā), prohibition of certain actions (patralējanāghiniṣēdhaḥ, praśāntṭhasahāhīnāṁ puna³r³ttāhananiṣēdhaḥ), and rules for remaining awake at night (yathārātri kṣamāpāśāhīnāṁ purttavyatā jthanaṁ).
     • Nayansāra (Topics related to Nayansara's lineage): This section lists various rebirths and their associated figures (Nayasāra, Saudharma, Brahmalōka, Chūliśnābhi, Puṣpamitra, Agnipaya, Śāntadēva, Sanatkumāra, Bhāradvāja, Mahēndra, Sthiravigraha, Viśvabhūti, Tripr̥ṣṭha, Apratiṣṭhāna, Simhanābhi, Chaturthānā, Priyamitra, Poṭṭila, Sarvārthasiddha, Vimāla, Nandā).
     • Mahāvirabhava (Topics related to Mahavir's lives): This section outlines the previous lives of Bhagavan Mahavir, starting with his life before coming to Bharatavarsha and detailing his lineage (Kṣatriya hue'agrābhāyanam), the family of King Rastrapal (rāṣṭrapalavananam), Siddhartha's royal lineage (siddhārtha rāṣṭravananam), Trishala Rājñī's lineage (triśatārājñīvanaṁ), the arrival in Ashwin month (āśvina māsāgabhanaṁ), the prosperity of the kingdom (āśvināṁ sasyasaṁpattyā rājñaḥ praśanāṁ yānāṁdhah), the vision of Rsabhadeva and Devānanda (r̥ṣabhattasya dēvānanndāyāśca varśanaṁ), Mahavir's conception in Devānanda's womb (r̥ṣabhattat'yaturd'śamahāsvapnadarśanaṁ), Rsabhadeva's interpretation of the dreams (r̥ṣabhattat'yaturd'śamahāsvapnaivanaṁ), Indra's praise (śāḍēndranr̥tabhagavat'stutiḥ), Indra's act of womb-transfer (śakēndrakr̥ta garbhsaṁharav'yāraḥ), Hariṇēgamiṣa bringing the embryo to the correct womb (hariṇagabheṣiṇāṁ prati garbhasaṁharaṇāya śaśyāhēśaḥ), Hariṇēgamiṣa's successful womb-transfer (hariṇēgamiṣagr̥t'galasaṁharāṁ), and interpretations of various dreams (svapnaivanaṁ, vr̥ṣalasvapnaivanaṁ, siṁhasvapna varṣānaṁ, lakṣmī svapna vanaṁ, puṣpabhātāyuga la svapna vanaṁ, indra svapna vanaṁ, sūrya svapna vānam, dhva svapna vanaṁ, pūra, padma sarōvara svapna varṣānaṁ, kṣīrasāgara svapna varṣānaṁ, dēva vimāna svapna vanaṁ, svapna vanaṁ, ratna rāśi svapna varṣānaṁ, śiṁji svapna varṣānaṁ, triśalāyāḥ svapna nivēghnaṁ siddhārthēna tat'iḻanaṁ y, gaṣṭha svapna'ilam, vr̥ṣabha svapna'ilam, siṁha svapna'ilam, lakṣmī svapna'ilam, bhadra svapna'ilam, yandra svapna'ilam, sūrya svapna'ilam, dhva⁴ svapna'ilam, laś svapna'ilam, padmasarōvara svapna'ilabh, kṣīra sāgara svapna'ilam, dēva vibhāna svapna'ilam, ratna rāśi svapna'ilam, nirdhūmāgni svapna'ilam, triśalāyāḥ svapna'nivēṣaṁ bhagarāēām, dēvathā, gutthā, dharmā, siddhārthasya ṭujilya jñājñāpradhānaṁ, prabhāata varśanaṁ, siddhārthaṣya sāsthānamāḍa pē sabhāgamanaṁ, svapnapāṭhānāṁ triśalāyāśca te ladrāsanasthāpanaṁ, 4vaniṣṭāavān, svapnapāṭāhāṭu prati siddhārthasya nihēśaḥ, svapnapāṭāhānaṁ y, svapnapāṭāṁ rā⁴darśanāya sanam, siddhārthandr̥taḥ svapnapāṭānāṁ satkāraḥ, svapnapāṭa mr̥tasvapna'inivēghnaṁ, vastrāgninēna rāṣṭranr̥taḥ svapna pāṭha satkāraḥ, siddhārthatā triśalāghōhaha pūrtiḥ, triśalāyā garbharakṣāprayāsaḥ, hulavr̥d'dastrīṇāṁ triśalāṁ pratyupadēśaḥ, siddhārtha rāṣṭralavane triṣṭambhavat nidhanasabhāharāṁ, bhagavato vardhamāna tiḥ nābhipur'khārthē tanmātāpitrōḥ saṁprayaḥ, bhagavato 4nma).

4. Detailed Explanation of "Kala" (Conduct/Practice) and its Types (Pages 16-40):

   • The text delves into the meaning of "Kala" as the conduct and practices of ascetics.
   • Types of Kalpa: It distinguishes between "Jina Kalpa" (practices of the Jinas, considered very difficult) and "Sthavira Kalpa" (practices of senior monks, considered more applicable to the current era).
   • "Jina Kalpa" vs. "Sthavira Kalpa": Jina Kalpa is described as conquering desires, passions, senses, afflictions, and karma, which is deemed difficult in the current era due to the lack of the necessary physical constitution (Vajra Rishabha Narayana Samghata). Sthavira Kalpa is defined as guiding those faltering in the path of restraint.
   • Ten Types of Sthavira Kalpa: The text enumerates ten types of Sthavira Kalpa: Achalata (non-possession/nudity), Auddeshika (dedicated to one monk), Shayyatar (related to lodging), Rajapinda (food offered to kings), Krutikarma (actions like salutation), Mahavrata (great vows), Paryayeshtha (respect for seniority), Pratishkramana (repentance/confession), Masanivasa (monastic residence for a month), and Paryushana (a specific festival period).
   • Vidhikara and Nishedhikara: These ten Kalpas are further classified into those that are mandatory (Vidhikara) and those that are prohibited (Nishedhikara).
   • Rules for Garments and Utensils (Pages 27-28): Detailed guidelines are provided on the number and size of garments (Sanghati, Chelapata) and water vessels (Patra, Udak) permitted for monks and nuns, differentiating between the sexes and specifying measurements in "Hasta" (cubits).
   • Prohibition of Certain Items: Rules are laid out against accepting or using items like those dedicated to a single monk (Auddeshika), offerings from "Shayatar" (hosts/landlords), and food/items meant for royalty (Rajapinda).
   • Rules on Salutations (Krutikarma) (Pages 31-33): This section details the etiquette of salutations and bowing, emphasizing respect based on seniority in monastic life. It clarifies who should bow to whom, including the hierarchy among monks, nuns, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, etc., and the importance of mutual respect even among different monastic orders.
   • Mahavrata (Great Vows) (Pages 36-38): The five Mahavratas (non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, non-possession) are discussed, along with their accompanying "Bhavana" (contemplations or supporting practices) that help uphold these vows. The five Bhavanas for non-violence are listed: Irtya Samiti, Manah Samiti, Vachana Samiti, Eshana Samiti, and Nikshepa Samiti.
   • Paryushana and Chaturmasa (Monsoon Retreat) (Pages 41-49): This is a major focus, explaining the necessity of observing Chaturmasa (four-month monsoon retreat) to avoid harming micro-organisms and plants, which are abundant during the rainy season. The timing of Paryushana, which falls during this period, is detailed, along with specific practices like fasting, self-reflection, and seeking forgiveness.
   • Specific Prohibitions During Monsoon: The text reiterates prohibitions on travel during the monsoon season to prevent harm to living beings.

5. Narratives of Previous Lives of Bhagavan Mahavir (Pages 59-99):

   • A significant portion of the text is dedicated to recounting the previous lives of Bhagavan Mahavir, illustrating his journey towards enlightenment. These narratives serve as examples of karma, virtue, and the consequences of actions.
   • Nayasara's Life (Pages 64-68): The story of Nayasara, a virtuous minister who encountered a sage and was inspired to follow the path of righteousness, is narrated. His subsequent life as a celestial being is also mentioned.
   • Marichi's Life (Pages 69-74): This details the life of Marichi, who was initially a renunciate but later fell into pride and deviated from the Jain path, leading to his downfall and rebirths in lower realms. This is a cautionary tale about the dangers of ego and attachment.
   • Other Previous Lives: The index (Pages 11-15) reveals a lineage of lives including Koushik, Pushpamitra, Agnijyoti, Ishana Devaloka resident, Sanatkumara Devaloka resident, Bharadwaja, Mahendra Kalpika Deva, Sthavira Vipra Brahmaloka resident, Vishvabhuti, Mahashukra Kalpa Deva, Triprushtha, Apratishthana Naraka, Simha, Chaturtha Naraka, Priyamitra Chakravarti, Pottila, Sarvarthasiddhi, Vimla, and Nandā. Each life illustrates specific lessons.
   • Mahavir's Conception and Dreams (Pages 107-149): The text describes the divine conception of Bhagavan Mahavir in the womb of Queen Trishala, the auspicious dreams she experienced (elephant, bull, lion, Lakshmi, garland, moon, sun, flag, pot, lotus lake, ocean, palace, gem heap, fire), and their interpretations by King Siddhartha. These dreams are considered auspicious omens of Mahavir's future greatness.
   • Mahavir's Divine Attributes and the Role of Indra: The text details the divine procession and the worship of Mahavir by celestial beings, including Indra. It highlights Mahavir's divine powers and characteristics.
   • The Purpose of Dreams: The interpretation of dreams by King Siddhartha provides moral and spiritual lessons, emphasizing the importance of virtues like compassion, knowledge, and detachment.

6. Conclusion and Final Remarks (Pages 59, 166-179):

   • The text concludes with the significance of these narratives for spiritual growth and the importance of practicing Jain principles.
   • Concluding Prayers and Practices: The summary of Nanda Muni's final practices and prayers is given, emphasizing repentance, self-discipline, and seeking forgiveness.
   • Final Departure: The text notes Nanda Muni's attainment of the Mahashukra heaven.
   • The Jambu Tree and its Significance: The description of the Jambu Tree and its surroundings in Bharat kshetra is provided, setting the stage for Mahavir's birth.
   • King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala: The lives and virtues of Mahavir's parents are described, highlighting their piety and auspicious circumstances surrounding Mahavir's birth.
   • The Prophetic Dreams: The detailed account of Queen Trishala's fourteen auspicious dreams and their interpretations by King Siddhartha emphasizes the divine nature of Mahavir's birth and his destined role.

Overall Themes:

• Monastic Discipline: The Kalpasutra lays down strict rules for Jain monks and nuns, covering their daily conduct, study, possessions, and interactions with the world.
• Karma and Rebirth: The narratives of Mahavir's previous lives powerfully illustrate the Jain concept of karma, where actions in past lives determine present circumstances, and the cycle of rebirth.
• Austerity and Renunciation: The text highlights the importance of tapasya (asceticism) and renunciation as paths to liberation.
• Non-Violence (Ahimsa): The underlying principle of Ahimsa permeates the entire text, from the Asvadhyaya rules to the stories of compassion.
• Spiritual Progress: The journey of Mahavir and other figures serves as an inspiration and a guide for spiritual advancement.
• Auspiciousness and Purity: The emphasis on auspicious times for study, pure conduct, and the significance of positive dreams points to the Jain pursuit of purity and auspiciousness.

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