Kalpasutra Kathasara

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Kalpasutra Kathasara" based on the provided pages, focusing on its content and purpose:

Title: Kalpasutra Kathasara (Summary of Kalpasutra) Author/Editor: Sunandaben Vohra Publisher: Shri Pannalal Umabhai Sheth Charitable Trust, Ahmedabad

Overall Purpose and Nature:

The "Kalpasutra Kathasara" is presented as a simplified and accessible summary of the Kalpasutra, a significant Jain scripture. Its primary aim is to make the teachings and narratives within the Kalpasutra understandable and engaging for a wider audience, particularly lay followers and those seeking spiritual knowledge. The text emphasizes devotional sentiment and aims to promote righteous conduct and understanding of Jain principles. It is structured around the lives of the Tirthankaras and the duties of a Jain householder (Shravak).

Key Themes and Content:

1. The Kalpasutra and its Importance:

   • The text acknowledges the profound importance and revered status of the Kalpasutra in Jainism, noting that its annual recitation during the Paryushana festival highlights its significance.
   • It describes the Kalpasutra as a "Mangal Sutra" (auspicious scripture) and highlights its role in elevating conduct and thought.
   • The editor, Sunandaben Vohra, expresses gratitude for the opportunity to make this ancient text accessible and hopes it inspires readers to delve deeper into Jain philosophy.

2. The Tirthankaras:

   • The book primarily focuses on the lives and teachings of prominent Tirthankaras, featuring detailed accounts of:
     • Bhagwan Shri Rishabhdev (Adinath): The first Tirthankara, detailing his lineage, reign, societal contributions (like introducing arts and crafts), renunciation, and eventual liberation. His life is presented as foundational for establishing Jain societal structures and ethical conduct. The narrative includes his disciples and the initial societal order, highlighting the concept of 'Yuglik' (a time when humans were simpler and lived in harmony with nature).
     • Bhagwan Shri Parshwanath: The twenty-third Tirthankara. His life narrative includes his birth, the prophecy of his Tirthankar-hood, significant life events, his ascetic practices, the challenges he faced (like the 'upasaarga' or afflictions from Kamath), and his eventual attainment of Kevala Jnana (omniscience) and Nirvana. The story of Kamath's malice and Dharanendra-Padmavati's devotion is highlighted.
     • Bhagwan Shri Neminath: The twenty-second Tirthankara. His life is presented as a testament to the power of detachment, even amidst royal life and impending marriage. The narrative emphasizes his compassion when he abstains from marriage upon hearing the cries of animals destined for the wedding feast, leading him to renounce worldly life. His story illustrates the ideal of spiritual commitment over worldly pleasures.
     • Bhagwan Shri Mahavir Swami: The twenty-fourth and last Tirthankara of this era. The book provides a detailed account of his life, starting from his divine conception, the fourteen auspicious dreams of his mother, his princely life, the significant events of his spiritual journey, his ascetic practices, the numerous 'upsargas' (afflictions) he endured, his attainment of Kevala Jnana, his discourse (deshna), the establishment of the four-fold Jain community (Sadhus, Sadhvis, Shravaks, Shravikas), and his final Nirvana. The text emphasizes his role as a spiritual guide and the epitome of non-violence and detachment. It also touches upon the complex karma influencing his birth in a lower lineage (Brahmin) before achieving Tirthankar-hood, illustrating the intricate workings of karma.

3. Duties of a Shravak (Lay Follower):

   • The book dedicates significant sections to outlining the five primary duties of a Shravak, especially emphasized during the Paryushana festival:
     • Amaari Pravartan (Protection of the Defenseless): This section highlights the principle of non-violence (Ahimsa) and its practical application in protecting living beings. It includes historical examples like Emperor Akbar's adherence to non-violence, emphasizing the importance of reducing harm to all creatures.
     • Sadharmik Vatsalya (Compassion for Fellow Devotees): This duty focuses on respecting, honoring, and supporting fellow Jains, especially those in need. The text stresses that true fellowship goes beyond mere association and involves mutual spiritual upliftment and support. It illustrates this with the example of a wealthy merchant helping his indebted friend without expecting return.
     • Kshama (Forgiveness): This is presented as a vital virtue, described as the ornament of the brave. It emphasizes the importance of asking for and granting forgiveness without ego or ulterior motives. The text draws parallels from the lives of Tirthankaras and other virtuous individuals to illustrate the power and significance of forgiveness. It highlights that true forgiveness requires a sincere heart, free from malice.
     • Atheam Tap (Three-Day Fasting): This duty pertains to ascetic practices, specifically fasting. The text explains 'Atheam' as the renunciation of food for eight periods (typically three days of complete fasting). It also offers alternatives for those unable to perform the full fast, emphasizing the principle of 'Yathashakti' (as per one's capacity). The ultimate goal of tapas is stated as purification and the attainment of liberation.
     • Chaitya Paripati (Worship of Deities/Temples): This duty encourages devotion through visiting and worshipping in Jain temples. It emphasizes the importance of regular worship, the purification of the mind through devotion, and the cultivation of a spiritual mindset. The text suggests maintaining a home shrine if regular temple visits are not possible.

4. Historical and Philosophical Insights:

   • The text incorporates historical information, referencing the influence of the Shvetambar tradition and scholars like Dr. Herman Jacobi, providing context for the evolution of Jain scriptures and practices.
   • It briefly discusses the concept of 'Niyanta' (regulation) and the importance of 'Anekantavada' (non-absolutism) in Jain philosophy.
   • The text touches upon the historical practice of 'Vachana' (recitation) of the Kalpasutra, originally limited to monks but later adopted by scholars and householders.
   • It explains the significance of the 'Panch Parmeshthi' (the five supreme beings in Jainism) and the power of their remembrance.

5. Editorial and Publishing Information:

   • The book is presented as a valuable spiritual resource, and readers are requested to handle it with respect ("Ashaatana na karvi").
   • It highlights the multiple reprints and editions, indicating its popularity and wide acceptance.
   • The book includes a list of other publications by the author, showcasing her dedication to Jain literature.
   • The acknowledgments section expresses gratitude to those who supported the publication, including sponsors, family members, and spiritual guides.

In essence, the "Kalpasutra Kathasara" serves as a bridge between the profound and sometimes complex original scriptures and the everyday understanding of Jain followers. It distills the essence of the Kalpasutra, focusing on the lives of the Tirthankaras and the practical application of Jain ethics in daily life, making it a valuable resource for spiritual enrichment.