Jivan Vyavaharni Sahajikta - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jivan Vyavaharni Sahajikta - Anekanth Drishti ane Nyaytntra" by T.U. Mehta, based on the provided pages:

The book, "Jivan Vyavaharni Sahajikta - Anekanth Drishti ane Nyaytntra" (The Simplicity of Life's Conduct - Anekant Perspective and the Justice System), authored by T. U. Mehta, is published by Umedchand and Kusumbaben Charitable Trust, Ahmedabad. The first edition was released in October 2004. The book is dedicated to the memory of Shri Dhirubhai Mehta, who passed away on June 24, 2004.

Core Theme: The central theme of the book is the exploration of Anekantavada (the doctrine of manifold aspects or relativity) as a foundational principle for understanding life, conduct, and the justice system. The author argues that Anekantavada, a cornerstone of Jain philosophy, provides a profound and practical framework for navigating complex situations and resolving conflicts in both personal and societal life, particularly within the legal system.

Author's Inspiration and Intent: The author, T.U. Mehta, a retired Chief Justice of the Himachal High Court, draws upon his extensive experience in the modern justice system and his deep study of Jain philosophy. He was inspired by Muni Vatsalyadip to write this essay, aiming to present the multifaceted nature of Anekantavada in a simple and accessible language to a broad audience. He consciously avoided overly legalistic jargon to make the philosophical concepts relatable to the general public. His hope is that this work will help introduce this crucial aspect of Jain philosophy to a wider readership.

Key Concepts and Arguments:

Anekantavada as a Universal Principle: The book emphasizes that Anekantavada is not just a philosophical concept but has a universal application. It helps achieve balance, equilibrium, and accessibility in global processes. The ancient Vedic concept of 'Rit' (Cosmic Order) is linked to Anekantavada, suggesting that where there is order, there is truth, and where there is disorder, there is falsehood. Anekantavada is presented as essential for maintaining this order.
From Ekanta to Anekanta (From Absolutism to Relativism): The book traces the journey from "ekanta" (one-sidedness, absolutism) to "anekanta." It highlights how various philosophical schools often hold onto their single viewpoint, leading to conflict. Lord Mahavir's approach is presented as a positive one, advocating for the synthesis of different philosophical perspectives by identifying the element of truth in each and understanding it in its relative context. This contrasts with Lord Buddha's more negative approach of discarding conflicting views.
The Principle of Relativity: The author uses examples from modern science, like Einstein's theory of relativity and Heisenberg's quantum mechanics, to illustrate how our understanding of reality is often relative and dependent on perspective. Just as scientific understanding evolved, so too does our perception of truth, which is never absolute.
The Role of Nayavada and Syadvada:
- Nayavada (Doctrine of Standpoints): This explains how reality can be viewed from different perspectives or standpoints. The book elaborates on different types of Nayas (like Naigama, Sangraha, Vyavahara, and Rujusutra), explaining their usage and potential pitfalls (e.g., 'Naiyabhasa,' 'Sangrahābhāsa'). It quotes Dr. Radhakrishnan to emphasize that truth is relative to our standpoint.
- Syadvada (Doctrine of Conditional Predication): Syadvada provides the linguistic framework for expressing Anekantavada. The word "Syat" (perhaps, possibly, from a certain point of view) is used to qualify statements, acknowledging their relativity. The book explains the "Sapta Bhangi" (sevenfold predication) as a way to express the manifold aspects of reality, acknowledging that a statement can be true, false, or inexpressible, depending on the context.
Anekanta in Everyday Life and the Justice System:
- Conflict Resolution: The core argument is that embracing Anekantavada in daily life would significantly reduce conflicts and promote harmony. When disagreements arise, understanding the "why" and "how" behind different perspectives, rather than rigidly adhering to one's own, can lead to resolution.
- Legal Principles: The author draws parallels between the principles of Anekantavada and the functioning of the modern justice system. The need to hear both sides of a case, consider evidence from various angles (dravy, kshetra, kaal, bhav – substance, place, time, and mode), and avoid absolute pronouncements are all seen as reflections of Anekantavada. Ancient Indian legal texts like those of Manu and Brihaspati are cited to show that these principles have historical roots.
- Natural Justice: Concepts like "Nemo debet esse judex in propria causa" (No one should be a judge in their own case) and "Audi Alteram Partem" (Hear the other side) are presented as direct manifestations of Anekantavada in legal practice.
The Importance of Balance and Moderation: The book advocates for moderation in desires and consumption, contrasting the modern consumerist mindset with Jain teachings on aparigraha (non-possession). It suggests that an unbalanced pursuit of desires leads to suffering.
Anekantavada as a Foundation for Ahimsa (Non-violence): The author connects Anekantavada to the principle of Ahimsa. By understanding that truth is relative and that different perspectives have validity, one is less likely to resort to violence or intolerance. Gandhi's appreciation for Anekantavada is also highlighted.
Internal Justice System: The ultimate aim is to cultivate an "internal justice system" within individuals and society, where conflicts are resolved through mutual understanding and empathy based on Anekantavada, reducing reliance on external legal frameworks.

Tribute to Shri Dhirubhai Mehta: The book includes tributes and "Bhavanjali" (tributes of affection and sentiment) from various organizations and individuals to Shri Dhirubhai Mehta. These highlight his multifaceted personality – his philanthropic activities, his dedication to institutions like libraries and community organizations, his love for reading and music, and his positive outlook. The author's personal "Bhavanjali" reminisces about their long friendship and Dhirubhai's success in business while maintaining his intellectual pursuits and spiritual inclinations.

Conclusion: "Jivan Vyavaharni Sahajikta" presents Anekantavada not just as an abstract philosophical doctrine but as a practical, scientific, and ethical approach to life. By applying its principles, individuals and societies can foster greater understanding, reduce conflict, and establish a more just and harmonious existence, both in their personal conduct and within the broader legal system. The book is a testament to the enduring relevance of Jain philosophy in addressing contemporary challenges.