Jintattva Granth 1 - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jintattva Granth 1" by Ramanlal C. Shah, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Jintattva Granth 1 (Jain Tattva - Volume 1) Author: Ramanlal C. Shah Publisher: Mumbai Jain Yuvak Sangh

Overall Theme: This book, "Jintattva Granth 1," is the first volume in a series of articles on Jain subjects authored by Dr. Ramanlal C. Shah. It aims to explore various philosophical and practical aspects of Jainism, often referred to as "Jain Tattva" (Jain principles/essences). The collection offers insights into key concepts, practices, and historical figures within the Jain tradition, presented in a scholarly yet accessible manner.

Key Themes and Concepts Explored:

The book delves into a wide range of Jain doctrines and practices, with each chapter or section focusing on a specific topic. Based on the table of contents (pages 9-10) and the text provided, the following themes are prominent:

Trivijay (Threefold Victory): Page 11 introduces the concept of controlling bodily tendencies like food intake, sleep, and restlessness. It emphasizes that these are essential for spiritual progress, as uncontrolled desires lead to destruction. The text draws parallels with the practices of yogis who achieve mastery over their bodies.
Pratisevana (Consequences of Faulty Actions/Subtle Sins): Page 15 defines "Pratisevana" as the contamination of the soul due to indulging in faults or vices. It elaborates on ten main causes of Pratisevana, ranging from ego and intoxication to fear and deliberate testing of others. The text highlights the subtle nature of these spiritual diseases and the individual's responsibility for diagnosis and treatment.
Niyanu (Vows/Resolutions with Specific Intentions): Pages 19-26 explore "Niyanu," a technical Jain term related to making vows or resolutions with specific intentions. It discusses how these intentions, particularly those made during austerity or penance, can influence future outcomes. The text categorizes Niyanu into "Prashast Niyanu" (auspicious), "Bhogkat Niyanu" (related to worldly enjoyment), and "Aprashast Niyanu" (inauspicious). It provides examples from Jain scriptures to illustrate the consequences of binding oneself with Niyanu, warning against its potential to lead to negative karmic consequences if driven by attachment or ill-will.
Samlekhana (Voluntary Fasting unto Death/Controlled Death): Pages 29-36 discuss "Samlekhana," a practice often translated as voluntary fasting unto death or controlled death. It clarifies that this is not suicide but a spiritual discipline undertaken with the permission of spiritual guides, usually in old age or dire circumstances, to achieve spiritual progress and avoid falling into lower states of existence. The text differentiates between involuntary death (like suicide or accidental death) and Samlekhana, highlighting the spiritual preparation involved. It also details different types of Samlekhana, such as Bhakta Parigraha, Ingini, and Padapopagamana.
Karuna (Compassion): Pages 37-39 explore the ultimate form of compassion in Jainism, extending beyond human empathy to encompass all living beings. It emphasizes Lord Mahavir's teaching of non-violence as a universal principle and discusses the subtle distinctions in the degree of violence and the karmic consequences associated with harming different life forms.
Samvatsarik Kshamaapana (Annual Forgiveness): Pages 40-43 delve into the practice of seeking and granting forgiveness. It highlights the importance of daily, fortnightly, and annual forgiveness rituals in Jainism, emphasizing that annual forgiveness (Samvatsarik Kshamaapana) is crucial for spiritual well-being and releasing oneself from karmic debts. The text distinguishes between material and spiritual forgiveness, stressing the latter's importance for inner purity.
Samuddhat and Shaileyshikarana (Mystical Processes of the Soul): Pages 46-48 describe two advanced spiritual processes undertaken by Kevalins (those with omniscience) before their final liberation (Moksha). Samuddhat involves the soul extending its consciousness to cover the entire universe to neutralize specific karmas, while Shaileyshikarana involves stabilizing the soul's subtle spiritual matter, making it akin to a mountain, thus achieving complete detachment and liberation.
Kayotsarga (Self-Absorption/Stillness): Pages 49-55 explore "Kayotsarga," a practice of complete detachment from the body and its activities. It is described as an intense form of meditation and an essential part of Jain spiritual discipline. The text details its importance in Yoga and Jainism, comparing it to the ultimate control over body, mind, and speech. It also explains various types and purposes of Kayotsarga.
Kalpa Sutra (Essence of Conduct): Pages 62-66 discuss the "Kalpa Sutra," a significant Jain text often recited during the Paryushan festival. Attributed to Bhadrabahu Swami, it's a crucial part of the Dasha Shrutaskandha and contains the essence of Jain conduct, including the lives of Tirthankaras, the lineage of spiritual leaders (Viravali), and the rules of conduct for monks and nuns. Its importance is highlighted by its acceptance as the representative scripture for oaths by Jains in historical contexts.
Pachchakkhan (Vows/Renunciations): Pages 68-74 explain "Pachchakkhan" as voluntary vows or resolutions to abstain from certain actions or objects. It emphasizes the importance of Pachchakkhan for controlling desires, regulating conduct, and preventing the influx of negative karma (Ashrava). The text outlines various types of Pachchakkhan and their significance in cultivating self-discipline and spiritual growth.
Alochana (Confession/Self-Criticism): Pages 75-82 focus on "Alochana," the practice of confessing one's faults and mistakes, particularly to a spiritual guide. It describes the process, the importance of honesty, and the ten types of errors one might commit during the confession itself, underscoring the need for sincere self-reflection and repentance to purify the soul.
Jain Drishtie Tapascharya (Austerities from a Jain Perspective): Pages 11-14 and 86-92 discuss "Tapascharya" (austerities) in Jainism. It highlights the extreme forms of austerities practiced, like prolonged fasting, and emphasizes that tapas is not just physical suffering but a means of karmic purification and spiritual elevation. The text contrasts Jain austerities with those of other traditions, emphasizing the Jain focus on karma shedding.
Samchyamni Sahachari Gochari (Gochari - Alms Round, as a Companion to Restraint): Pages 10-14 and 94-98 explore "Gochari," the practice of Jain monks collecting alms. It emphasizes the disciplined and non-violent manner in which monks collect food, collecting sparingly from different households without causing burden or attachment. This practice is presented as a companion to restraint, aiding in spiritual detachment and avoiding karmic entanglement.
Vardhaman Tapani Oli (Increasing Austerities Cycle): Pages 11-14 and 99-103 describe "Vardhaman Tapani Oli," a practice of gradually increasing austerities over a period, often involving cycles of fasting and specific dietary observances like Ayambil. This rigorous practice is undertaken to shed karma and achieve spiritual advancement.
Paryushan Parva (Festivals of Restraint): Pages 10-14, 95-100, and 106-108 discuss the significance of the Paryushan festival, highlighting it as the foremost Jain festival of restraint, self-discipline, and spiritual renewal. It emphasizes the practices of fasting, alms-gathering, seeking forgiveness, and devotion to the Tirthankaras during this period.
Lanchan (Insignia/Mark): Pages 10-14 and 103-109 explain "Lanchan," the distinguishing symbols associated with each Tirthankara, often depicted on their statues. These insignia serve as identifiers and are believed to reflect the Tirthankara's past deeds or nature.
Prabhavana (Spiritual Influence/Glory): Pages 10-14 and 114-123 discuss "Prabhavana," which refers to the spiritual influence or glory emanating from Jain principles, practices, or individuals. This can manifest through scholarly discourse, virtuous conduct, exemplary austerities, or the propagation of Jain teachings, all aimed at increasing the reverence and following of Jainism.
Parishaha (Endurance of Hardships): Pages 10-14 and 124-145 detail "Parishaha," the twenty-two types of hardships or challenges that Jain ascetics are expected to endure with equanimity. These range from hunger, thirst, and extreme weather to insults and the allure of sensual pleasures, all viewed as opportunities for karmic purification and spiritual strength.
Upsarga (Afflictions/Obstacles): Pages 10-14 and 140-145 describe "Upsarga," severe afflictions or obstacles that may befall individuals, often seen as the result of past karma. These can be divine, human, or animal-induced, and the Jain path emphasizes steadfastness and equanimity in facing them to shed karma.
Kesh Locha (Hair Plucking): Pages 10-14 and 146-155 explain "Kesh Locha," the practice of Jain monks and nuns plucking out their hair rather than cutting it. This is seen as an act of extreme detachment from the body and its vanity, contributing to spiritual purity and non-violence.
Jati-Smarana Jnana (Recollection of Past Lives): Pages 10-14 and 267-274 explore "Jati-Smarana Jnana," the spiritual recollection of past lives. This is considered a significant, albeit rare, phenomenon that can occur through intense spiritual practice and purification, offering profound insights into the cycle of birth and death.
Samyama (Restraint/Self-Control): Pages 10-14 and 275-285 emphasize the central role of "Samyama" (restraint) in Jainism. It is presented as the means to control the senses and the mind, leading to spiritual progress and liberation. The text discusses the challenges and importance of practicing restraint in various aspects of life.
Navkar Mantra: Pages 10-14, 356-364, 421-430, and 434-438 cover the Navkar Mantra, its structure (nine words, sixty-eight letters), its significance, the meaning of its syllables and words, and its perceived spiritual power. The text elaborates on its mantra-like qualities and its importance in Jain devotion.
Manushya Janma ni Durllabhta (The Rarity of Human Birth): Pages 10-14 and 291-299 discuss the profound rarity of obtaining a human birth from a Jain perspective. It emphasizes that human life is a precious opportunity for spiritual progress, earned through immense merit accumulated over countless lifetimes, and should not be wasted.
Dharma Dhyana (Righteous Meditation): Pages 10-14 and 196-213 explore "Dharma Dhyana," a form of meditation focused on righteous contemplation. It describes the different types of meditation, from initial stages of concentration to higher states of spiritual awareness, and its role in overcoming negative karma and achieving inner peace.
Pratikramana (Ritual of Confession and Retrospection): Pages 10-14 and 213-226 discuss "Pratikramana," a crucial daily or periodic ritual of introspection, confession of faults, seeking forgiveness, and renewing vows. It highlights its role in purifying the soul and maintaining spiritual discipline.
Dana Dharma (The Principle of Charity): Pages 10-14 and 227-246 explore "Dana Dharma," emphasizing the profound significance of charity in Jainism. It goes beyond material donations to include knowledge, fearlessness (Abhaya Daan), and spiritual guidance as forms of charity, stressing the importance of righteous giving.
Swadhyaya (Self-Study/Study of Scriptures): Pages 10-14 and 251-258 highlight "Swadhyaya," the practice of studying Jain scriptures and texts. It is presented as a vital path to knowledge, self-understanding, and spiritual growth, crucial for overcoming ignorance and delusion.
Bodhildurllabha Bhavana (Contemplation on the Rarity of Enlightenment): Pages 10-14 and 495-501 discuss "Bodhi Durlabha Bhavana," the contemplation on the rarity of spiritual enlightenment. This contemplation instills a sense of urgency and gratitude for the human birth, motivating individuals to strive for liberation.
Daya Prerit Hatya (Compassionate Killing): Pages 10-14 and 380-391 engage with the complex issue of "Daya Prerit Hatya" (compassionate killing) from both general and Jain perspectives. The text critiques the notion of killing out of compassion, especially in the context of euthanasia, and contrasts it with Jain principles of Ahimsa and the sanctity of life at all levels.
Mallinath's Idol: Pages 10-14 and 190-195 address the representation of Mallinath, the 19th Tirthankara, who is depicted in female form by the Shvetambara tradition and male form by the Digambara tradition. The text delves into the theological reasons and interpretations behind this difference.
Bhaktamar Stotra: Pages 10-14 and 392-403 discuss the "Bhaktamar Stotra," a highly revered Jain hymn. It touches upon questions regarding its authorship, number of verses, and the practice of its recitation, highlighting its spiritual efficacy and poetic merit.
Samavasarana (Divine Assembly): Pages 10-14 and 171-179 describe the "Samavasarana," the celestial assembly where Tirthankaras deliver sermons. It details the elaborate and divine arrangements made by celestial beings for these spiritual gatherings, emphasizing the perfect order and universal appeal of the teachings.
Samudghata and Shaileshikarana (Spiritual Processes of the Soul): Pages 10-14 and 46-49 explain "Samudghata" and "Shaileyshikarana," advanced spiritual techniques related to the soul's interaction with karma and its final liberation. These are complex concepts describing the subtle processes of spiritual evolution.
Upaadhyaya Pad ni Mahatta (Significance of the Upaadhyaya Post): Pages 10-14 and 430-452 explore the role and significance of the "Upaadhyaya," a spiritual preceptor responsible for teaching scriptures. It highlights their role in transmitting knowledge and guiding disciples, emphasizing their intellectual and spiritual stature within the Jain hierarchy.
Dainya Dhanna (The Principle of Charity): Pages 10-14 and 227-246 cover "Dana Dharma," the principle of charity, discussing its various forms (material, knowledge, fearlessness), its ethical considerations, and its importance in spiritual development. It differentiates between auspicious and inauspicious forms of charity based on the giver's intent and the recipient's nature.
Swadhyaya (Self-Study): Pages 10-14 and 251-258 discuss "Swadhyaya," emphasizing the practice of studying scriptures and scriptures with deep contemplation and self-reflection as a crucial path to spiritual knowledge and liberation.
Niramiṣhāhāra – Jain Drishtie (Vegetarianism from a Jain Perspective): Pages 10-14 and 180-189 detail the Jain perspective on "Niramishahara" (vegetarianism). It explains the underlying principle of Ahimsa (non-violence) and the rationale behind the strict dietary rules, extending compassion to all forms of life, including plants.

Author's Background: Dr. Ramanlal C. Shah was a distinguished Gujarati scholar, professor, and author. He had a significant academic career, serving as a professor and head of the Gujarati department at St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, for 20 years, and later as the head of the Gujarati language department at Mumbai University for 18 years. He also held the rank of Major in the NCC. His extensive literary output includes works on Gujarati literature, biographies, travelogues, and religious philosophy, with a particular focus on Jainism. He passed away in 2005 at the age of 78. The book is dedicated to his fatherly mentor, Pandit Sukhlalji.

Publication Details: The book is published by Shree Mumbai Jain Yuvak Sangh as part of the "Late Deepchand Tribhovandas Shah Trust Book Series." It has seen at least two editions: the first in October 2002 and the second in July 2007. Notably, Dr. Ramanlal C. Shah has waived all copyrights for his published works, encouraging their translation, summarization, and republication.

Significance: "Jintattva Granth 1" serves as an accessible introduction to a wide array of Jain principles and practices. Dr. Shah's scholarship and dedication to Jainism shine through his comprehensive exploration of these profound subjects, making this volume a valuable resource for seekers of Jain wisdom. The author's explicit waiver of copyright underscores a spirit of selfless service in disseminating spiritual knowledge.