Jainism The Cosmic Vision

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jainism: The Cosmic Vision" by Kumarpal Desai, based on the provided pages:

Overall Theme:

"Jainism: The Cosmic Vision" by Kumarpal Desai is a profound exploration of Jain philosophy and its relevance to the contemporary world. The book, compiled from lectures and talks by the author, emphasizes how Jain principles offer a guiding light for addressing global challenges such as violence, intolerance, environmental degradation, and the pursuit of a harmonious life. It highlights Jainism's unique emphasis on Ahimsa (non-violence), Anekantavada (non-one-sidedness), and Aparigraha (non-possession) as central tenets that can foster peace, understanding, and spiritual well-being for all humanity.

Key Concepts and Themes Discussed:

• The Essence of Jainism:

  • Jainism is presented as a universal, ancient religion with a deep spiritual depth and contemporary relevance.
  • It emphasizes the purity of consciousness and the inherent love for truth within each self, attainable through spiritual exercise.
  • The core values are inseparable from one's way of life, rooted in the five great vows (Vratas): non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession.

• Ahimsa (Non-Violence) as the Cornerstone:

  • Jainism's unique and uncompromising emphasis on Ahimsa is highlighted. It's not just human sympathy but empathy and the urge to identify with all living beings and the universe.
  • Mahavira's teachings: "If you kill someone, it is yourself you kill."
  • The principle extends to all living beings, including plants, water, and air, advocating for minimal harm.
  • It's presented as a way of life, not just a doctrine, leading to universal love and friendliness.
  • The concept of "Parasparopagraho Jivanam" (living beings render service to one another) is offered as an alternative to "survival of the fittest."
  • Ahimsa is seen as the ultimate solution to violence, war, and destruction, with a call to stop the arms race and embrace peace.

• Anekantavada (Non-One-Sidedness):

  • Recognizing the infinite aspects of reality and the multiplicity of viewpoints.
  • Promotes intellectual tolerance, friendliness, and the synthesis of different perspectives.
  • Encourages understanding that truth is relative and that every viewpoint holds a partial truth.
  • It's presented as a method for overcoming narrow-mindedness, selfishness, and discord, fostering harmony and peaceful coexistence.

• Aparigraha (Non-Possession/Detachment):

  • Possession is identified as the source of evil, leading to violence, untruth, stealing, sensual pleasure, and attachment.
  • It's not just about material possessions but also about limiting desires and attachment.
  • Aparigraha is seen as a way to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor and achieve a fair distribution of wealth.

• The Teachings of Bhagwan Mahavira:

  • Mahavira is presented not as the founder but as a rejuvenator and propagator of an ancient tradition.
  • His life and teachings emphasize equality, self-control, dignity of labor, and the potential divinity of every individual.
  • His social vision revolutionized society by discarding the importance of gender and caste, emphasizing good conduct instead.
  • His teachings on Ahimsa, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession are considered timeless and highly relevant for individual and global peace.
  • He preached in the common language (Ardhamagadhi) to make scriptures accessible to all.

• Jain Practices and Ethics:

  • The book details the five great vows (Mahavratas for ascetics, Anuvratas for householders) and seven supporting vows for householders, which govern both internal and external conduct.
  • Practices like fasting, meditation, introspection, and forgiveness (Kshamapana) are highlighted as crucial for spiritual progress.
  • The importance of vegetarianism is strongly advocated as a cornerstone of Jain ethics, linked to Ahimsa and addressing global hunger.
  • The Jain diet and fasting practices are presented as beneficial for physical and mental well-being, with scientific validation.

• The Value and Heritage of Jainism:

  • Jainism has significantly influenced Indian culture through its contributions to ethics, philosophy, literature, art, and architecture.
  • The text highlights the preservation of manuscripts by Jains and their patronage of art and architecture, citing examples like the temples of Mount Abu and the monolithic statues of South India.
  • Jain scholars and their works are recognized for their enduring impact on Indian thought and culture.
  • The emphasis on self-help, self-reliance, and honest living is a key aspect of Jain heritage.
  • The Jain community's aversion to vices and commitment to honesty, even when appointed to ministerial positions, is noted.
  • The democratic functioning of the Jain Sangh and its social heritage, including interfaith harmony and charitable activities, are emphasized.

• Compassion Towards Animals:

  • Jainism's profound compassion extends to all living beings, including animals.
  • The belief that animals have souls and equal potential for salvation leads to a deep respect for them.
  • The text recounts stories illustrating this compassion, such as Shantinath Bhagwan offering his own flesh and Neminath freeing cattle destined for a wedding feast.
  • The practice of Pratikraman, seeking forgiveness for harm caused to animals, and the strict adherence to vows are discussed.
  • The ecological balance and the interconnectedness of life are key considerations.

• Kshamapana (Forgiveness):

  • Paryushana and Samvatsari are described as festivals of penance and forgiveness, emphasizing the need to settle accounts and purify the soul.
  • Forgiveness is presented as a profound virtue, requiring humility and a deep introspection of one's own faults.
  • The text uses stories to illustrate the transformative power of forgiveness and the disastrous consequences of anger and animosity.
  • Genuine forgiveness is contrasted with formal or ritualistic forgiveness, stressing the importance of a change of heart.
  • Forgiveness is seen as the essence of spiritual discipline, leading to the eradication of vices and the attainment of inner peace.

• Predictions of Tirthankara Mahavira:

  • The book includes prophecies attributed to Bhagwan Mahavira regarding the decline of Jainism and society in future eras, as well as the eventual re-emergence of spiritual values.
  • These predictions offer a cyclical view of time and the ebb and flow of religious and moral principles.

• Jain Diaspora and Global Relevance:

  • The book discusses the spread of Jainism beyond India, highlighting the activities of Jain communities in the UK, USA, Canada, and Japan.
  • It emphasizes the need for unity among the Jain diaspora, advocating for a central organization to represent Jain ideals globally.
  • The importance of research, publication of Jain literature, and the preservation of manuscripts is stressed.
  • The book calls for a revival of Jain principles to address contemporary global issues like environmental degradation, violence, and the need for interfaith harmony.

• Shrimad Rajchandra's Teachings:

  • Shrimad Rajchandra is presented as a pivotal figure who synthesized Jain philosophy with a deep spiritual quest, influencing Mahatma Gandhi.
  • His emphasis on the Agam Vani (teachings of the scriptures), the path of renunciation, Anekantavada, and self-realization is highlighted.
  • His life exemplifies the integration of spiritual pursuit with worldly responsibilities.

Author's Intent:

Kumarpal Desai, through this compilation, aims to demonstrate the enduring relevance and practical applicability of Jain teachings in the modern world. He seeks to inspire readers to adopt Jain values like non-violence, truth, compassion, and tolerance to create a more peaceful, harmonious, and spiritual global society. The book serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding Jainism's "Cosmic Vision" – its all-encompassing perspective on life, reality, and spiritual liberation.