Jainism By Vividus - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "JAINISM by Vividus" by Ramnik V. Shah, based on the provided text:

Book Overview:

"JAINISM by Vividus" (Ramnik V. Shah) is an exposition of the Jain faith, aiming to present its unique philosophical content and distinguishing features in a way that is accessible to a broad audience, particularly in the Western world where it was less known at the time of publication. The second edition, enlarged and including Part Two with papers and talks delivered in Canada and the USA, signifies a growing interest and a need for comprehensive Jain literature in English. The author, a retired lawyer with degrees in Arts, Sciences, and Law, draws from his extensive travels and engagement with various spiritual organizations to offer his insights.

Key Concepts and Distinguishing Features of Jainism:

The book systematically outlines the core tenets of Jainism, highlighting its distinctiveness from other religious and philosophical systems.

Two Realities: Jainism posits that the universe comprises only two fundamental realities: Life (Jiva) and Non-life (Ajiva). Unlike monistic systems, it does not believe in a single ultimate reality.
Concept of God: Jainism rejects the idea of a creator or destroyer God. The universe is eternal and self-existent, resulting from the interplay of Jiva and Ajiva.
- Godhood: Godhood is latent within every soul (Jiva). Upon complete emancipation from karmic matter (Ajiva) and the attainment of omniscience and liberation (Moksha), an individual soul becomes a "God." This emancipated soul is what common people worship as an ideal.
- Eternally Free God: This worshipped God is distinct from the eternally free souls who were never in bondage.
Nature of Life (Souls):
- Equality: All souls are intrinsically equal, possessing inherent qualities of perfect consciousness, knowledge, perception, power, and bliss. This inherent equality is the foundation for the principle of non-violence.
- Individuality: Souls are distinct, separate individuals and do not merge into one another, even in liberation.
The Theory of Karma:
- Subtle Matter: Karma is not an abstract concept but subtle, invisible matter (Ajiva) that flows into the soul (Jiva) through actions (thought, word, deed).
- Bondage and Liberation: This karmic matter adheres to the soul, creating material aggregates that form the basis for future embodied lives. The soul is bound by these karmas until it purges them through disciplined conduct, leading to liberation (Moksha).
- Eight Types of Karma: The text details eight types of karmic "chemical combinations" that obscure the soul's innate qualities.
The Universe and its Creation: The universe is eternal, a result of the interplay between Jiva and Ajiva. There is no creator God. Every individual is responsible for their own existence and bodily form.
Infinite Invisible Life: Jainism asserts the existence of infinite invisible life forms within the universe, each an aggregation of souls.
Matter (Ajiva): Matter is described as subtle and gross, composed of atoms (paramanus). Dharma (medium for motion), Adharma (medium for rest), Akasha (space), and Kala (time) are also described as passive media that facilitate the existence and change of Jiva and Pudgala (matter).
Syadvada (Maybe-ism): This is a unique dialectical method of expression, stating that all propositions are true only from a particular point of view. It acknowledges the complexity of reality and allows for multiple, seemingly contradictory, perspectives. This leads to Anekantavada (non-one-sidedness).
The Triangular Path to Liberation (Moksha Marga): This path is comprised of three integral components, known as the "Ratna Traya" (Triangle of Jewels):
- Samyak Darshana (Right Faith): Unwavering faith, free from follies and arrogances.
- Samyak Gnana (Right Knowledge): Understanding of the true nature of realities (Jiva, Ajiva, etc.).
- Samyak Charitra (Right Conduct): Disciplined living, observed through vows (Anuvrata for householders, Mahavrata for ascetics), austerities, and reflections.
Vows and Austerities: Jainism outlines various vows (Anuvrata and Mahavrata) and austerities (external and internal tapas) to help individuals control desires, purify themselves, and mitigate karma. The concept of non-violence (Ahimsa) is paramount but is presented as one of several important vows and practices within the broader framework of achieving Samyaktva.
Tirthankaras: These are twenty-four enlightened beings who appear in each cosmic cycle to reveal and re-interpret Jain teachings. They are seen as ideal spiritual guides and "ford-makers" across the ocean of existence. The book lists the 24 Tirthankaras of the current era and discusses their historical context, with Mahavira and Parshvanatha being the most historically established.
Scriptures: The Jain scriptures, originally transmitted orally, are believed to have evolved over time, with the Purvas and Angas being key textual divisions. The author notes the challenges in accessing and definitively verifying the authenticity of some ancient texts due to historical events.
Historical Development and Divisions: The book traces the development of Jainism through centuries, including the significant schism between the Shwetambara and Digambara traditions, and the later emergence of the Sthanakawasi group. It also discusses the historical patronage and spread of Jainism across India and beyond.
Jainism and Hinduism: The author clarifies that Jainism is a distinct religion, not a sect of Hinduism. He explains the etymological roots of "Hindu" and criticizes the loose application of the term to all Indian religions.
Saints and their Role: Jain saints play a crucial role in preserving and propagating the faith through their disciplined lives and teachings. The text differentiates between householder followers and ascetics (saints) and their respective paths.

Author's Motivation and Vision:

Ramnik V. Shah, writing as "Vividus," was deeply moved by the lack of awareness about Jainism during his travels. His motivation was to bridge this gap, especially for Jains living outside India, and to bring the profound wisdom of Jainism to a wider global stage. He advocates for a more active and accessible approach to sharing Jain teachings, including translating scriptures and fostering inter-community understanding. He emphasizes that while Jainism is ancient, its principles hold relevance for modern times, particularly its focus on universal well-being, intellectual inquiry, and inner transformation.

Centrality of Samyaktva:

While non-violence (Ahimsa) is a critical teaching, the author emphasizes that the central concept in Jainism is Samyaktva. Samyaktva signifies an attitude of equalness, harmoniousness, and peacefulness at all levels of consciousness, leading to the ultimate goal of Moksha. Non-violence, along with other vows and austerities, are seen as means to achieve this state of perfect balance.

In essence, "JAINISM by Vividus" aims to provide a comprehensive yet approachable introduction to Jainism, celebrating its unique philosophical insights, ethical framework, and its enduring relevance in the quest for spiritual understanding and universal harmony.