Jainism And Modern Thought

This book, "Jainism and Modern Thought" by M. M. Shroff, published in 1936, explores the intersection of Jain philosophy and contemporary thought, with a particular focus on the Terapanth sect of Jainism. The author's primary motivation for writing the book is to honor his departed father and to present Jainism as a remedy for developing one's soul-force for personal happiness and contentment.

The book is structured into several key areas:

1. Jainism and Modern Civilization: Shroff argues that Jain philosophy is well-suited to shape a conscience for fulfilling human obligations and fostering progress and happiness in the modern world. He emphasizes Jainism's promotion of right-living, harmony with the universe, and the eradication of selfishness. The philosophy's emphasis on catholicity and tolerance is presented as a significant contribution to civilization, offering a spiritual foundation for a cooperative global polity. The author asserts that any perceived failure of Indian civilization in demonstrating this is due to a decline in devotion to Jainism, not the philosophy itself. Jainism is presented as being based on Truth and Non-violence, not fear or mysticism, and as a system governed by unchangeable laws.

2. The Theory of Karma: The book delves into the Jain theory of Karma, contrasting it with its Vedic origins. While in the Vedas, Karma referred to sacrifices and offerings, in Jainism, it is defined as any energy generated by an embodied being, which keeps them bound to the cycle of Sansara (the world). Karmas are classified into eight types that obstruct knowledge, faith, cause delusion, pleasure/pain, determine lifespan, individual identity, social status, and hinder the realization of virtues. The text clarifies that the theory of Karma is not fatalism, but rather a scientific explanation of cause and effect. Liberation (Nirvana) is achieved through the cessation of Karma accumulation and the removal of the soul's contact with insentient matter. The doctrine of Lord Mahavira is highlighted as revolutionary for its emphasis on equality, universal brotherhood, and the idea that caste and family do not determine one's worth, but rather one's actions.

3. Jainism and Modern Thought (Further Exploration): Shroff discusses the perceived divorce of Jain philosophy from religion in the Western sense, attributing this to Western philosophy's focus on monism. He emphasizes that Jain philosophy is not solely intellectual but a way of life leading to liberation, with Non-violence being a core practice. The author critiques the modern scientific emphasis on materialism and the pursuit of physical wants, leading to a loss of focus on the ends of human existence and a decline in Dharma and Moksha. He contrasts Jain thought with materialistic philosophies (like Charvaka) and theistic religions, highlighting Jainism's emphasis on the self-conscious and self-determined individual.

4. Terapanth and True Jainism: A significant portion of the book is dedicated to the Terapanth sect, described as a reformist branch of Jainism. It aims to promote the ideals of purity, peace, Truth, and Non-violence. Terapanth's rules of brotherhood are open to all, and its teachings are presented as accessible and inspiring to ordinary people. The sect emphasizes freeing the soul from worldly attachments and offers a framework for daily life for lay followers. The book details the origin of Terapanth with Acharya Bhikhanjee, who sought to re-establish strict adherence to Jain principles among the ascetic orders. The principles of Ahimsa (non-violence), Satya (truth), and Asteya (non-stealing) are explained in detail, along with the practices of Samitis (conduct) and Guptis (restraint). The rigorous vows and practices of Jain ascetics are meticulously outlined, highlighting their dedication to spiritual attainment.

5. Jainism and Common Householders: The book clarifies that Jainism provides guidance for householders as well, through the "Anuvratas" (small vows). These are a scaled-down version of the Mahavratas (great vows) for ascetics, allowing lay followers to practice Jain principles within their worldly limitations. The importance of Samayika (meditation) and other minor vows for self-improvement and peace is also discussed. The close union between ascetics and lay followers is presented as a key factor in Jainism's longevity.

6. The Role of Youth and World Peace: Shroff addresses the youth directly, urging them to embrace their role in nation-building and to live by principles of Truth and Love. He criticizes the modern tendency to focus solely on material progress and suggests that true peace stems from inner transformation. The author emphasizes the importance of character development and self-control, suggesting that India, with its rich spiritual heritage, has a crucial role to play in promoting world peace. He highlights Acharya Tulsi and his "Anuvrat Sangh" movement as an example of inspiring moral upliftment. The book also touches upon the Western world's search for spirituality and India's potential to provide it.

7. Key Jain Concepts: Throughout the book, several core Jain concepts are elucidated:

• Ahimsa (Non-violence): Considered the alpha and omega of Jainism, practiced in thought, word, and deed.
• Satya (Truth): The unwavering commitment to truthfulness.
• Asteya (Non-stealing): Abstinence from illegal appropriation and the thought of it.
• Brahmacharya (Chastity): Strict control over senses and desires.
• Aparigraha (Non-possession): Limiting worldly possessions.
• Syadavada: The doctrine of manifold aspects, encouraging looking at things from various viewpoints.
• Anekantavada: The principle of non-absolutism, acknowledging the relative nature of reality.
• Moksha/Nirvana: The ultimate goal of liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
• Tapa (Austerity): Practices like fasting and meditation for spiritual purification.
• Dharma: Often equated with Ahimsa, Sanyam (self-restraint), and Tapa.

In essence, "Jainism and Modern Thought" by M. M. Shroff advocates for the timeless relevance of Jain philosophy in addressing contemporary challenges, emphasizing its principles of truth, non-violence, self-control, and spiritual discipline as a path to individual and global well-being. The book particularly champions the Terapanth sect for its reformist approach and its efforts to make Jainism a living force in modern society.