Jainism And Democracy - Book Summary

This book, "Jainism and Democracy" by Dr. Indra Chandra Shastri, published by the All India S.S. Jain Conference in 1964, argues that the principles of Jainism align with and support the core tenets of democracy. The author explores this connection through various aspects of Jain philosophy, ethics, scriptures, and practices.

Here's a comprehensive summary of the book's key arguments and themes:

Core Argument: The central thesis of the book is that Jainism, at its foundation, upholds the five pillars of democracy: supremacy of man, equality, freedom, justice, and fraternity. The author systematically demonstrates how these democratic ideals are deeply embedded within Jain teachings and practices.

Jainism's Foundation and its Parallel to Democracy:

Supremacy of Man: Jainism places the individual soul (Jiva) at the center. Deities and scriptures are not inherently superior but are revered based on their embodiment of moral principles. The highest attainable state, Paramātman (perfected soul), is achievable by any individual soul through personal effort, mirroring the democratic ideal of every citizen having the potential to reach the highest office.
Equality: The Jain concept of Samatā (equality) is presented as more comprehensive than mere absence of difference; it includes harmony. This principle is evident in Jainism's rejection of caste, creed, or sex as barriers to spiritual progress or social standing. The Sāmāyika daily rite is a practice to cultivate inner equilibrium and outer equality.
Freedom: Jainism emphasizes individual autonomy and self-control. The principle of "live and let live" is inherent, advocating for freedom as long as it doesn't infringe on others' freedom. This aligns with democracy's goal of minimal external control on individuals.
Justice: The Jain theory of Karma is based on the principle of absolute justice, where actions have direct consequences, and no external force intervenes. This concept of inherent accountability mirrors democratic ideals of fair legal systems.
Fraternity: Universal friendship (Mitrī me savva-bhūesu) is a central tenet, actively practiced through rituals like Pratikramana, where individuals forgive and seek forgiveness. This fosters a sense of universal brotherhood, a cornerstone of democratic societies.

Key Jain Concepts and their Democratic Implications:

Non-violence (Ahimsa): Beyond merely refraining from physical harm, Ahimsa in Jainism extends to the mind and speech. It encompasses respecting the life, senses, mind, and personal efforts of all beings. This broad interpretation safeguards individual rights and promotes peaceful coexistence, essential for democracy.
Non-possession (Aparigraha): This principle advocates for non-attachment, reducing greed and the distinctions that arise from material possessions. It encourages contentment and prevents the exploitation of others, fostering social harmony conducive to a democratic environment.
Non-absolutism (Anekānta Vāda): Jain logic's principle of relative truth and multiple viewpoints is presented as intellectual non-violence. It promotes tolerance, understanding, and the acceptance of diverse opinions, crucial for democratic discourse and decision-making.
Theory of Karma: As mentioned, this upholds natural justice and personal responsibility, aligning with the democratic value of accountability.
The Five Vows (Pancha Shila/Vratas): These vows (non-violence, truth, non-stealing, celibacy, non-possession) form the ethical backbone of Jainism. They are seen as foundational for both individual character and societal well-being, directly supporting democratic values. The book discusses their historical evolution and interpretation across different Indian traditions.
The Three Ideals of Life (Power, Knowledge, Happiness): Jainism views these as inherent potentials of the soul, to be realized through inner development, rather than external acquisitions. This focus on inner growth and self-realization empowers individuals, a democratic ideal.
Right Attitude (Samyak Darshan): This is the crucial first step in any spiritual or ethical journey, emphasizing right intention, right perception, and right choice of ideal, preceptor, and path. This disciplined approach to understanding and action is vital for responsible citizenship in a democracy.
Mahavira as a Democrat: Lord Mahavira is portrayed as a great democrat who championed social equality, renounced worldly status, and advocated for non-violence, self-reliance, and the purity of the soul as the basis for worth. His teachings aimed to liberate humanity from societal injustices and the bondage of blind faith in deities.
Paryushana Festival: This annual festival is highlighted as a democratic festival embodying the Jain ideals of equality, forgiveness, and universal friendship. It is a time for self-purification and reaffirming commitment to peaceful coexistence.
Jain Scriptures: The book discusses the importance, authorship, and content of Jain scriptures, emphasizing their role in preserving ancient wisdom and providing ethical guidance. It notes their emphasis on practical living and the impact of various Jain schools of thought.

Phases of Culture and the Modern Relevance: The author also touches upon the evolution of Indian culture, noting how traditions can become decorative rather than functional over time. He contrasts this with the active, life-affirming principles of Jainism, suggesting that a return to such foundational ethics is necessary for individual and societal progress.

Conclusion: "Jainism and Democracy" posits that Jainism offers a profound and time-tested framework for a democratic way of life. By emphasizing individual potential, equality, freedom, justice, and universal friendship, Jainism provides a spiritual and ethical blueprint that can contribute to a more peaceful and just world. The book is a call to recognize the democratic underpinnings of Jainism and to apply its principles in contemporary society.