Jaina Monuments Of Orissa

Here's a comprehensive summary of "Jaina Monuments of Orissa" by R.P. Mohapatra:

Overview:

"Jaina Monuments of Orissa" by R.P. Mohapatra is a significant archaeological and historical study that aims to systematically document and analyze the remnants of Jainism in the Indian state of Orissa. The book establishes that Jainism once flourished significantly in Orissa, leaving behind a rich heritage of art, architecture, and iconography. Mohapatra, an experienced archaeologist, meticulously traces the background, traditions, history, and material evidence of Jainism across various districts of Orissa, focusing on both the rock-cut caves and structural edifices.

Key Themes and Chapters:

1. Background and Tradition:

   • This introductory chapter delves into the origins and foundational principles of Jainism.
   • It highlights the historical nature of key Tirthankaras like Pārśvanātha and Mahāvīra, discussing their teachings and the development of Jainism in India.
   • It touches upon the fundamental tenets, philosophical aspects, and the eventual schism into Śvetāmbara and Digambara sects.
   • The text also briefly covers Jaina rituals, practices, and temple worship, drawing parallels and distinctions with other religious traditions.

2. History of Jainism in Orissa:

   • This chapter is crucial for establishing the presence and evolution of Jainism in Orissa.
   • It begins by tracing the history through legendary accounts, associating figures like Ṛṣabhadeva (Ādinātha) with Kalinga.
   • The book emphasizes the significant presence of Pārśvanātha, supported by sculptural evidence and possibly early Jaina king Karakandu's patronage.
   • It details the visits of Mahāvīra to Kalinga and Tōśali, providing insights from Jaina literature.
   • A major focus is on the reign of Khāravela, the Chedi monarch, who was a devout Jaina. The Hāthi-Gumphā inscription is presented as key evidence of his patronage, including the recovery of the "Kalinga Jina," the excavation of caves, and the promotion of Jainism as the state religion.
   • The chapter also discusses the survival of Jainism alongside Buddhism and Brahmanism in post-Khāravela periods, its revival under the Muruṇḍas and Matharas, and its eventual assimilation and coexistence with other faiths like Saivism and the Jagannātha cult.
   • It examines the influence of Jainism on Orissan society, literature, and customs, particularly highlighting the Sarāka community and their adherence to Jaina traditions.
   • The text mentions the adoption of some Brahmanical festivals by Jainas and the assimilation of Jaina faith with Nātha cult and Mahimā Dharma.

3. Survey of Jaina Monuments of Orissa:

   • This chapter presents a systematic survey of Jaina relics found across Orissa.
   • It identifies three major centers of Jaina activity: Udayagiri and Khandagiri (Puri district), Podasingidi (Keonjhar district), and B. Singpur (Koraput district).
   • The author notes that while these are major centers, Jaina relics are not entirely absent from other regions, though they are less numerous.
   • A significant observation is the phenomenon of Jaina divinities being worshipped as Brahmanical or Buddhist deities in many places, such as Chakreśvarī being venerated as Bhagavati or Durgā, and Ādinātha figures being mistaken for Bodhi Mahārāja.
   • The chapter details the collection and present condition of numerous Jaina images, chaumukhas (four-faced Jaina symbols), and ruined monuments found in districts like Puri, Cuttack, Balasore, Mayurbhanja, Keonjhar, and Koraput.

4. Jaina Architecture of Orissa:

   • This section focuses on the architectural aspects of Jaina monuments, primarily the rock-cut caves and structural edifices.
   • The caves of Udayagiri and Khandagiri near Bhubaneswar are thoroughly described, detailing their layout, component parts (cells, verandahs, pillars, pilasters, arches, railings, etc.), excavation techniques, and the evolution of their design.
   • The book highlights the unique features of these caves, such as their cottage-like appearance, sloping floors, drainage systems, and the intricate carvings.
   • It discusses the structural edifices, including the apsidal structure on Udayagiri hill, and the various chaumukhas that mimic miniature temples.
   • The modern Jaina temples, like the one on Khandagiri's crest and those in Cuttack, are also mentioned.
   • The author notes the influence of Western Asian motifs and the integration of Jaina art with local Orissan styles.

5. Jaina Art of Orissa:

   • This chapter delves into the artistic aspects of Jaina remains, focusing on relief sculptures and figurines.
   • It analyzes the narrative panels in the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves, depicting scenes from royal conquests, military activities, popular legends, and religious observances.
   • The book discusses individual figurines like guards, bracket figures, Vidyādharīs, and decorative motifs.
   • It highlights the artistic skill of the sculptors, evident in the detailed representation of human figures, animals, flora, and mythical creatures.
   • A significant part is dedicated to the various bronzes discovered, particularly the hoard from Achutarājapur, and their casting techniques.
   • The chapter also examines the artistic features of Jaina icons in stone, discussing composition, iconography, and stylistic evolution.
   • The influence of Gupta art is noted in the early phase, followed by the development of local stylization and later influences from western India.

6. Jaina Iconography of Orissa:

   • This final chapter is dedicated to the systematic study of Jaina iconography as found in Orissa.
   • It provides detailed descriptions of the Tirthankaras (Ṛṣabhanātha, Ajitanātha, Pārśvanātha, Mahāvīra, etc.) and their associated Sāsanadevis (Chakreśvari, Ambikā, Rohiņi, Padmāvatī, etc.).
   • The author identifies Tirthankaras based on their conventional marks (lāñchanas), hair styles, and associated symbols like the kevala tree and umbrella.
   • The Sāsanadevis are discussed with their multiple arms, various attributes, mounts, and the assimilation of Brahmanical features, noting their varying representations even within the same cave.
   • The chapter emphasizes the popularity of Ṛṣabhanātha and Pārśvanātha in Orissan art and the characteristic features of their iconography.
   • It also touches upon the evolution of Jaina iconography from earlier phases to later medieval periods and the influence of Tantric trends.
   • The book concludes by highlighting the sober, sublime, and uplifting nature of Jaina art, reflecting the core tenets of self-abnegation, peace, and spiritual contemplation.

Overall Significance:

"Jaina Monuments of Orissa" by R.P. Mohapatra is a foundational work that brings to light the extensive Jaina heritage of Orissa. It is a testament to the diligent fieldwork of the author and provides invaluable data for scholars of Indian history, religion, art, and architecture. The book demonstrates the widespread influence of Jainism in the region and its significant contribution to the cultural landscape of Orissa, often intertwined with and influencing other major religious traditions.