Jain Tirtho No Itihas

The provided text is the Gujarati book "Jain Tirtho no ItihThes" (History of Jain Pilgrimage Sites) by Nyayavijay, published by Charitra Smarak Granthmala. It's a comprehensive compilation detailing the history, significance, and geographical information of numerous Jain pilgrimage sites primarily in India.

Here's a breakdown of the content, organized thematically based on the book's structure:

Core Concepts and Introduction:

• Significance of Pilgrimage: The text emphasizes the importance of Tirth Yatra (pilgrimage) in Jainism as a virtuous act. It defines a Tirth as a sacred place sanctified by the presence or activities of Tirthankaras, enlightened monks, or places with special spiritual significance.
• Universality of Tirths: The author notes that the concept of pilgrimage and holy sites is not exclusive to Jainism but is found in almost all ancient religions globally, citing examples from Brahmanism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Sikhism.
• Purpose of Tirth Yatra: Visiting Tirthas is believed to purify the soul, instill devotion, diminish negative tendencies, and provide spiritual peace, especially to those troubled by worldly affairs. Even nature's beauty in places like Kashmir or Simla offers solace; how much more so do Tirthas, consecrated by the footprints of great souls and their auster's.
• Jangam (Mobile) vs. Sthavar (Stationary) Tirths: The text distinguishes between stationary Tirthas (physical locations) and mobile Tirthas, which are identified as the Shraman Sangh (monastic community) and Jinavani (teachings of the Jinas). The book focuses on stationary Tirthas.
• Need for the Book: The author states the book's purpose is to provide comprehensive information about pilgrimage sites, overcoming the lack of awareness among pilgrims about the history, significance, and accessibility of various Tirthas, especially those that might be missed on a journey.

Historical Context and Practices:

• Sanghs and Sanghpatis: The text highlights the tradition of organizing religious journeys called "Sanghs." The leaders who organize these Sanghs are known as "Sanghpatis" or "Sanghvis." These individuals, often wealthy merchants, undertook these journeys with thousands of followers, spending immense wealth for the propagation of Jainism and personal spiritual benefit. Historical accounts mention numerous such Sanghs led by kings, emperors, and wealthy patrons throughout history.
• Vows and Conduct during Tirth Yatra: The book details specific vows and conduct expected from pilgrims during Tirth Yatra, emphasizing principles like eating one meal a day (Ekashana), sleeping on the ground (Bhumi Sanstara), walking by foot (Padbhyanchari), maintaining pure conduct (Shuddha Samyakva Dhari), shedding attachment to all living beings (Sarva Chitta Hari), and practicing celibacy (Brahmacharya).
• Shasan Prabhavna: The author stresses the importance of "Shasan Prabhavna" (propagation and glorification of Jainism) through various means like performing rituals, offering flags, celebrating religious festivals, supporting temples, and aiding the needy.

Categorization and Description of Tirthas:

The book systematically details numerous Tirthas, generally organized by geographical regions:

• Saurashtra Region: This section prominently features the most important Tirthas like Shatrunjaya Giriraj (Siddhachalji) and Girnar.

  • Shatrunjaya: Described as the foremost and most sacred Tirth, the book delves into its history, the numerous renovations and temples, and the significance of its various peaks and sacred sites. It mentions the Anjana Sundari's role and the significance of the Tirth's eternal nature. The author highlights the immense wealth spent by various rulers and wealthy patrons on its development. The book also details the current management by the Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi.
  • Girnar: This section provides details about its location, historical context, the presence of temples, and significant historical figures associated with it, including the steps built by King Kumarapala. It also mentions the challenge of its steep ascent.
  • Other Tirthas in Saurashtra like Talaja, Mahuva, Ghogha, Vadhavan, Junagadh, Prabhaspatan, Kodinar, and Una are also briefly described, noting their historical significance and the Tirthankar associated with them where applicable.

• Kutch Region: This section covers Tirthas in the Kutch region, including Bhadreshwar, Anjar, Mandvi, Bhuj, Suthri, and Khadraia.

  • Bhadreshwar: Its history is traced from ancient times, mentioning its association with the ancient city of Bhadravati and its destruction. The book highlights the role of Jagadgurus like Jagadgushah in its renovation and the significant architectural contributions of the Vehtambara Jain community. The text also notes the presence of historical monuments from Muslim rule, suggesting the site's long history of habitation and religious significance. The story of the discovery of Jain idols and the subsequent establishment of temples is also narrated.
  • Anjar: Mentioned for its Jain population, temples, and the historical Tirthankara Vasupujya.
  • Mandvi: Described as a prominent commercial hub with Jain temples.
  • Bhuj: The capital of Kutch, noted for its Jain temples and the influence of Jain monks like Vijayansurisvarji.
  • Suthri and Khadraia: Briefly mentioned for their Jain temples and historical significance.

• Gujarat Region: This extensive section covers numerous important Tirthas in Gujarat, including:

  • Shankheshwar Parshvanathji: Described as a major Tirth, its history, the story of its establishment linked to Lord Parshvanath's statue and its miraculous properties are detailed. The role of various patrons like Samarasah, Jagadgushah, and the extensive renovations are highlighted. The book also details the management by the Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi.
  • Charup: Mentioned for its ancient origins and the temple of Shankeshwar Parshvanath. The legend of its establishment is recounted, involving a dream and divine intervention.
  • Hanumandhar: Located on Shatrunjaya Hill, it's described as a place of Tirthankara's footprints and associated with spiritual practices.
  • Patan: The ancient capital of Gujarat, its rich history, Jain influence, the role of great Jain Acharyas like Hemchandracharya, and the construction of numerous temples are detailed. The significance of the Panchasara Parshvanath temple and its connection to King Kumarapala are emphasized.
  • Vadanagar (Anandpur): Mentioned for its historical significance as a capital and its association with Jain Acharyas and the founding of Tirthas.
  • Mehdrath: Noted for its ancient origins and Jain temples, with a specific mention of its connection to the Shvetambara Jain community.
  • Mehsana: Features prominent Jain temples, educational institutions, and libraries.
  • Kadi: Briefly mentioned as a location with Jain presence.
  • Dahod: Mentioned as a Tirth, but details are minimal.
  • Jaghadiya: Described as a Tirth associated with Adhinath Bhagwan.
  • Bhadreshwar: Highlighted for its ancient history, the story of its establishment, and the significant contributions of patrons like Jagadgushah.
  • Anjar: Described as a town with significant Jain population and temples.
  • Bhuj: The capital of Kutch, noted for its Jain temples and the patronage of Jain Acharyas.
  • Mahuva: Known as the "Kashmir of Kathiawad" for its pleasant climate and lush greenery, it features temples and the historical association with Javadshah.
  • Gogha: Significant for the Navkhanda Parshvanath temple, with its history of a miraculous idol.
  • Bhavnagar: Described as a major city in Kathiawad with several Jain temples and institutions.
  • Talaja: Features temples and a connection to Shatrunjaya.
  • Valabhi: A significant historical Jain center, known for its ancient temples and the influence of Jain Acharyas.
  • Dwarika: Mentioned as having a historical Jain temple, though now predominantly a Vaishnav site.
  • Dhank: A Tirth associated with Shatrunjaya, though now in ruins.
  • Bhalodia (Bhimapalli): Mentioned for its ancient origins and Jain temples, with legends of its discovery.
  • Naidola: Noted for its ancient Jain temples and the influence of Jain Acharyas.
  • Bhamnawada: Described as having ancient Jain temples and monasteries.
  • Meethra: Features ancient Jain temples and an important historical context.
  • Ramseven: A Tirth associated with Lord Parshvanath and the presence of ancient structures.
  • Khadra: Mentioned as a place where Jain artifacts have been found.
  • Kaparda: Described as a Tirth with ancient Jain temples and legends.
  • Bicholia: Mentioned for its Jain temples and historical significance.
  • Bhadreshwar: Its history and the discovery of Jain idols are detailed.
  • Bhadreshwar (New): Mentioned for its management by the Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi.
  • Bhalavadi: The existence of a Jain temple is noted.
  • Madanmali: Associated with the legend of Lord Parshvanath's idol.
  • Gadhiya: Mentioned for its Jain temples and a historical connection.
  • Chintamani Parshvanathji Temple: Described with details about its history and idols.
  • Mahanvireshwar: Mentioned for its Tirthankara statues and historical significance.
  • Shankheshwar Parshvanathji: Detailed descriptions of its history, legends, management by the Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi, and the miraculous nature of the idol are provided. The book discusses the various renovations and the importance of Tirthas in Jainism.
  • Khedala: Mentioned for its historical context and Jain presence.
  • Vadgam: Described as a Tirth with a temple and associations with historical figures.
  • Upariala: Highlighted for its temple, the legend of its discovery, and its connection to Jain Acharyas.
  • Chanasma: Features the famous Bhatheva Parshvanath temple and its history.
  • Harish: Mentioned for its historical significance and Jain presence.
  • Metrana: Described with its Jain temples and historical inscriptions.
  • Ahmedabad: Extensively detailed as a major Jain center with numerous temples, Jain population, and institutions like the Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi, emphasizing its cultural and religious importance.
  • Naroda: Mentioned for its temple and historical significance.
  • Dabhoi: Noted for its ancient Jain temples and the legend of Lord Parshvanath's idol.
  • Bhirala (Bhimapalli): Described as an ancient Tirth with historical Jain ruins and idols.
  • Unna: Mentioned as a Tirth with a temple, its current condition, and the impact of historical events.
  • Tharoda: Features a beautiful Jain temple and a description of the local community.
  • Ramseven: A Tirth associated with Lord Parshvanath and ancient legends.
  • Nang Fani Parshvanath: Described with its historical significance and legends, including its association with Maharana Pratap.
  • Bhelole: Mentioned as a Tirth with legends and historical significance.
  • Kapadia: Features ancient Jain temples and ruins.
  • Khetaka: Mentioned for its Jain temples and historical significance.

• Marwar-Mewar Region (Rajputana): This section covers sites in Rajasthan, including:

  • Chittorgarh: Described as a historically significant location with Jain temples, its legendary Tirthankar figures, and the Kirti Stambh.
  • Mandavgadh: Details its ancient history, fortifications, association with kings like Bhoj, and its destruction during Muslim invasions. It also highlights the Jains' efforts in renovating temples and the stories of patrons like Pethadshah.
  • Nasik: Briefly mentioned with its historical Jain connections.
  • Bhiiladaiya: Described as an ancient Tirth with historical ruins and a significant legend associated with its idols.
  • Nadol: Mentioned as a Tirth with Jain temples.
  • Dharnaera: Features a Jain temple and its historical significance.
  • Bhanvada: Noted for its Jain temples and historical connections.
  • Mungjhala Mahavir: Described with its legends and the presence of Jain temples and Tirthas.
  • Khandela: Mentioned for its Jain temples and historical context.
  • Khadrala: Features Jain temples and historical significance.
  • Naliya: Noted for its Jain temples and historical context.
  • Tera: Mentioned for its Jain temples and historical significance.
  • Kotariya: Described as a significant Tirth in Vagad, with a beautiful Jain temple.
  • Ahmedabad: Though in Gujarat, its mention here connects it to the Marwar region's influence and its role in Jain activities.
  • Bhadreshwar: Re-mentioned for its historical significance and Jain community.
  • Anjar: Covered in the Kutch section but also relevant to Marwar's connections.
  • Bhuj: Mentioned for its Jain temples and historical context.
  • Mandvi: Noted for its Jain temples and commercial importance.

• Daksha (South) Region: This section includes Tirthas in the southern regions, like:

  • Kupakji: Described with its historical Jain connections and temples.
  • Antariksha: Mentioned for its Tirthas and the presence of Jain temples.
  • Bhandukji: Described as an ancient Tirth with a significant temple.
  • Muktigiri: Noted for its Tirthas and temples.
  • Thana: Mentioned for its historical Jain presence and temples.
  • Nashik: Described as a city with Jain temples and historical significance, including its connection to Lord Parshvanath.
  • Pataliputra (Patna): Detailed as a historically significant city and a former center of Jainism, mentioning its rulers and the presence of Jain monasteries and temples. It highlights the legend of Lord Mahavir's enlightenment and Nirvana in the vicinity.
  • Nalanda: Described as a renowned ancient Buddhist university, but its proximity to Jain sites and the mention of Jain monks suggest its historical context within the region.
  • Shantigiri: A significant Tirth mentioned for its serene atmosphere and connection to Jain Acharyas.
  • Valabhipur: Previously described in the Saurashtra section, its significance as a historical Jain center is reiterated.

• Punjab Region: This section mentions Takshashila as an ancient center of Jainism, its historical significance as the capital of Bahubali, and its later connection to Jain scholars and propagation efforts. It also touches upon the impact of historical events like the partition of India on Jain communities in this region, mentioning cities like Sialkot and Lahore.

• Eastern Region (Bengal, Bihar, Orissa): This section includes:

  • Sametshikharji: Extensively detailed as a paramount Jain pilgrimage site, revered as the place of Nirvana for numerous Tirthankaras and monks. The text describes its geographical location, legends, historical importance, the management by the Shvetambara Jain Sangh, and the presence of numerous temples and sacred sites. It highlights the arduous but rewarding nature of the pilgrimage.
  • Pawapuri: Described as the land of Lord Mahavir's Nirvana. The text narrates the legend of its establishment, the significance of the Jal Mandir, and the events related to Lord Mahavir's final sermon and Nirvana.
  • Bhelpur: Mentioned as a suburb of Varanasi, it's identified as the place of Lord Parshvanath's Chaityanubhava and Janma Kalyanak. The presence of a temple and the tradition of offering Kesar to the idol are noted.
  • Bhadra: Described as a Tirth with a temple and historical associations with the discovery of Jain idols.
  • Bihār: Features two Jain temples, with the village temple being particularly noted. The management of the Tirth by the Shvetambara Jain Sangh is mentioned.
  • Kundalpur: Identified as the birthplace of Lord Mahavir's principal Ganadhara, Gautam Swami, as well as Agni bhuti and Vayu bhuti. The text notes the presence of monasteries and the significance of the place for spiritual practices.
  • Nalanda: Mentioned in relation to its proximity to Jain sites and the presence of Jain monks, though primarily known as an ancient Buddhist university.

• Vichhed Tirths (Lost Tirthas): This section includes places that have diminished in their Jain significance or have been converted or lost over time, such as:

  • Takhshashila: Mentioned again as a place of great historical and spiritual importance, with a mention of its destruction and later rediscovery of artifacts.
  • Bheraghat: Referenced in relation to Jain relics.
  • Kapilavastu: While primarily known as a Buddhist site, its inclusion suggests a broader scope or potential Jain connections in the region.
  • Shravasti: Mentioned as a Tirth, likely referring to the ancient city where Lord Mahavir and Lord Parshvanath preached.
  • Asthapada: Described as a sacred site with Jain temples and a spiritual aura.
  • Bhadilpur: Mentioned as a location associated with Jain history.
  • Mithila: Known as the birthplace of Lord Neminath's mother, it's mentioned as a significant Jain site.
  • Kushaambi: Referenced as a historical city with Jain connections.
  • Purimatal (Prayagraj/Allahabad): Mentioned as a pilgrimage site.
  • Banaras: Extensively detailed, describing its religious significance, numerous temples, the legend of Lord Vishwanath, and its historical connection to Jainism and various Acharyas. The text provides considerable detail about the city's structure, population, and its enduring spiritual importance.
  • Shraavasti: Described as an ancient city with historical Jain connections.
  • Vaitram (Bhairav Hill): Mentioned in relation to Jain relics and legends.

Specific Details about Tirthas:

Throughout the book, for each Tirth, the author often provides:

• Geographical Location: Proximity to railway stations, cities, and other landmarks.
• Deity: The principal Tirthankar or deity associated with the Tirth.
• Temple Architecture: Descriptions of the temples, their size, number of floors, architectural styles, and the artistic merit of sculptures and carvings.
• Historical Significance: Legends, stories of Tirthankaras, ancient rulers, and significant Jain Acharyas who visited or contributed to the Tirth.
• Renovations and Uddar: Details about renovations and efforts by various patrons and rulers to preserve and enhance the Tirthas.
• Current Management: Information about who manages the Tirthas, often highlighting the role of organizations like the Anandji Kalyanji Pedhi.
• Pilgrimage Logistics: Details about dharamshalas (pilgrimage rest houses), water facilities, and general arrangements for pilgrims.
• Special Features: Any unique legends, miracles, or significant festivals associated with the Tirth.
• Inscriptions: Mentions of ancient inscriptions found at various sites, providing historical evidence.

Overall Theme:

The book "Jain Tirtho no Itihas" serves as a comprehensive guide and historical repository of Jain pilgrimage sites. It aims to educate readers about the rich heritage of Jainism, the spiritual significance of its sacred places, and the historical efforts made to preserve them. The author's detailed approach, including geographical information, historical accounts, legends, and architectural descriptions, makes it a valuable resource for anyone interested in Jain pilgrimage and history.

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