Jain Temples Of Rajasthan

This book, "Jain Temples of Rajasthan" by Sehdev Kumar, published by Abhinav Publications in collaboration with Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, is a detailed exploration of Jain temple architecture and iconography, focusing on the renowned temples at Dilwara (Mount Abu) and Ranakpur in Rajasthan.

The book highlights the historical and artistic context of Jainism within India, emphasizing its unique tenets like ahimsa (non-violence) and its significant contribution to Indian art and culture. It underscores that despite the potentially otherworldly aspects of Jain philosophy, Jain temple builders were deeply rooted in earthly craftsmanship, exhibiting remarkable detail and precision.

Key themes and elements discussed in the book include:

• Jainism and its Cosmology: It provides an introduction to Jainism, its cosmology, and the concept of tirthankaras – spiritual liberators who help others cross the ocean of existence. It touches upon the historical origins of Jainism and the emergence of the Svetambara and Digambara traditions.
• The Thousand-Petalled Lotus: A significant recurring motif, the lotus is explored in depth as a symbol in Jain art and worship, representing purity, regeneration, the womb of the universe, and spiritual enlightenment. Its presence in ceilings, carvings, and as a seat for deities is elaborated upon.
• Architectural Splendor: The book details the architectural styles of the featured temples, particularly the Caulukya style. It describes the typical layout of Jain temples, including the garbhagṛha (sanctum), gūḍhamandapa (closed hall), mukhamandapa (entrance porch), and rangamandapa (dance hall). The intricate designs of domes, pillars, and decorative elements like khattakas and devakulikās are meticulously examined.
• Iconography and Deities: A substantial portion of the book is dedicated to the rich iconography found within these temples. It discusses:
  • Tirthankaras: The twenty-four Tirthankaras, their distinguishing marks, postures (kayotsarga, padmāsana), and associated symbols. Special attention is given to Pārśvanātha, Neminātha, and Bahubali (Gommata).
  • Sasanadevatas (Attendant Deities): The prominent yakṣas and yakṣis who serve as protectors of the Tirthankaras, with detailed descriptions of goddesses like Ambika (the "little mother"), Sarasvati (goddess of knowledge and arts), Lakṣmi (goddess of prosperity and beauty), and Cakreśvarī.
  • Vidyadevis: The sixteen "goddesses of learning," unique to Jainism, and their various representations.
  • Other Deities and Figures: The book also mentions the presence of figures like dikpālas (guardians of directions), vidyadharas (celestial beings), kinnaras, and kirttimukhas (mythic faces).
• Nature and Art: The book explores the integration of natural elements and mythical creatures into temple art, such as trees (like the kalpavṛkṣa), flowers, animals (lions, elephants, geese), birds, and mythical beasts (makaras, sardulas). The symbolic significance of these elements is discussed.
• Dance and the Temple: The pervasive presence of dancing figures in temple architecture is highlighted, reflecting the integral role of dance in Indian life and spirituality. The book connects the sculptures to classical Indian dance forms like Odissi and discusses the Natyasastra in relation to temple art.
• The Artisans and Craftsmanship: The book pays tribute to the anonymous artists and craftsmen who created these magnificent structures, emphasizing their skill, devotion, and the spiritual purpose behind their work. It touches upon the traditional Indian concept of art as a ritualistic act originating from divine inspiration, like that of Viśvakarmā.

The author, Sehdev Kumar, through detailed descriptions and photographic evidence, aims to convey the aesthetic grandeur, spiritual depth, and the interconnectedness of art, religion, and philosophy embodied in these Jain temples, showcasing them as vital components of India's rich cultural heritage.