Jain Shramani Parampara Ek Sarvekshan

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jain Shramani Parampara Ek Sarvekshan" by Vijayshree Sadhvi, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Jain Shramani Parampara Ek Sarvekshan (A Survey of the Jain Shramani Tradition) Author: Dr. Sadhvi Vijayshree 'Arya' Publisher: Bharatiya Vidya Pratishthan, Rohini, Delhi Purpose: To provide a comprehensive historical overview and survey of the significant contributions of Jain ascetics (Shramanis/Sadhvis) throughout the history of Jainism.

Overall Theme: The book aims to highlight the vital, often underappreciated, role of Jain nuns and female ascetics (Shramanis) in the propagation, sustenance, and intellectual development of Jainism. It challenges the historical tendency to focus primarily on male ascetics and aims to fill this gap by documenting the achievements and influence of countless women who dedicated their lives to spiritual pursuit and the teachings of Jainism.

Key Themes and Content Breakdown:

• Introduction and Significance of Women in Jainism:

  • The prologue and early sections emphasize the fundamental equality and complementary nature of men and women in society and spirituality, drawing a parallel to a chariot with two wheels.
  • It addresses historical societal biases that often relegated women to a secondary status, portraying them as "weak" or dependent, while highlighting their intrinsic strength, tolerance, and capacity for selfless devotion.
  • The text asserts that women are the first teachers of children and nation-builders, making their role indispensable and their perceived inferiority a flawed notion.
  • The term "Shramani" is presented as the highest form of womanhood, embodying divine qualities and contributing immensely to societal well-being.

• Historical Survey of Shramanis: The book meticulously traces the presence and contributions of Shramanis across different eras and traditions within Jainism:

  • Pre-historic Era: The tradition is shown to have begun with Bhagavati Brahmi and Sundari, daughters of Lord Rishabhdev, who laid the foundation for the Shramani Sangha. Their intellect is credited with the development of script and numerals. The text mentions other significant figures like Sulakshana, Rajamati, Madanrekha, Kamlavati, and figures from Jain literature like Kanakmala, Kunberdatta, etc., who exemplified virtue, intellect, and dedication. Over 360 Shramanis are identified from ancient scriptures and commentaries.

  • Mahavira and Post-Mahavira Era: This period highlights the leadership of figures like Arya Chandanbala, who managed a large Shramani Sangha, comparable in importance to the Ganadharas (chief disciples of Mahavira). Other prominent figures include Mrigavati, Jayanti, Devananda, Sula, Kali, and the eight Shireshth Kanyas who renounced worldly pleasures. It also mentions PushpaChoola, Yaksha, Yakshdatta, Arya Poini, Rudrasoma, Ishwari, and Yakshini Mahattara, the last of whom famously converted the renowned scholar Haribhadra to Jainism through her intellect. The text notes the inspiration provided by Shramanis to art and sculpture in temples during this era.

  • Digambara Tradition:

    • The Digambara tradition mentions Shramanis who achieved spiritual heights through 'sallekhana' (ritual fasting unto death) on Chandragiri mountain.
    • It highlights 'Kurattigal Bhattarikas' (8th-11th century) who independently led their Sanghas and established universities for Jain scholarship.
    • The period from the 11th to 18th centuries saw Shramanis actively involved in the construction of temples and the creation of sculptures, as seen in Devgarh.
    • The 19th and 20th centuries saw fewer records, but the 21st century marks the re-emergence of prominent figures like Aryika Shri Chandramati, Dharma mati, Viramati, Indumati, and the highly prolific literary figure Gyana mati, along with Suparshmati, Vijaymati, Jinmati, Vishuddhamati, and Anantmati, who have made significant contributions to Jain literature and spiritual practice.

  • Shvetambara Tradition:

    • This tradition is presented as vast and sophisticated.
    • Khartaragachchha: Traced from Vikram Samvat 1080, with a current strength of 240 Shramanis.
    • Tapagachchha: Originating in the 13th century, with a continuous history through various branches and significant contributions from numerous Acharyas. The total number of Shramanis in this tradition in 2005 was 5784.
    • Achalgachchha: Active from Vikram Samvat 1146, with a notable period of activity and a current presence.
    • Ukeshagachchha & Agamicgachchha: These are mentioned as having a presence up to certain centuries, with Ukeshagachchha having merged into other traditions.
    • Pārśvacandra Gachchha: A branch of Tapagachchha, active since 1564, with a current population of 58 Shramanis.
    • Overall Shvetambara Shramanis: The total number in 2005 was 6322.
    • Literary and Spiritual Contributions: The text details numerous learned Shramanis like Gunasamruddhi Mahattara (author), Padmasiri (known for explaining complex philosophy), Dharmalakshmi Mahattara (praised as 'Swarnalakshjanani'), Udhyotashri Ji (involved in 'Kriyoddhar'), Punyashri Ji (initiated 116 aspirants), Shivashri Ji, Premashri Ji, Gyanashri Ji, Vallabhshri Ji, Vichakshanashri Ji, Manoharashri Ji, Sajjanashri Ji, Maniprabhshri Ji, and many others known for their scholarship, asceticism, and influence. The contributions of Tapagachchha Shramanis like Shivashri Ji, Tilakshri Ji, Tirtha Shri Ji, etc., their strict adherence to vows, and their role in pilgrimage restoration (e.g., Ranjana Shri Ji at Samet Shikhar) are highlighted. Maya Shri Ji is noted as a talented poetess.
    • Specific Examples: Mention is made of Shramanis initiating large numbers of disciples, performing severe penances (e.g., 100 Olies of Vardhaman Tapa), and contributing to social reforms. Devashri Ji is recognized as the first Shramani initiated in Punjab and the leader of a large Gachchha. Mrigavati Shri Ji is celebrated for her intellectual prowess and ability to usher in a new era. Kallyanashri Ji inspired 60-65 aspirants to take initiation. Damayanti Shri Ji is noted for her astonishing ascetic feats.
    • Manuscript Preservation: Hundreds of Shramanis contributed by copying ancient texts, preserving them for future generations.

  • Sthanakvasi Tradition:

    • This tradition began around the 16th century, with some Shramanis from the Lonkashri Gachchha.
    • The tradition is linked to the six great Acharyas of 'Kriyoddhar' (reform movement) from the 17th-18th centuries.
    • Prominent Figures: The text details the lineage and contributions of Shramanis under Acharyas like Jivraj Ji, Lavji Rishi Ji, Haridas Ji, Dharmasingh Ji, Dharmadas Ji, and Harji Swami.
    • Jivraj Ji's Tradition: Mentions Sadhvi Bhaganjiji and Saddanji (1810), known for their scholarship and penance. Sohankunwar Ji is noted as a leading Prarvartini, knowledgeable in scriptures and devoted to service. Shialvati Ji, Kusumvati Ji, and Pushpavati Ji are also highlighted for their spiritual leadership and literary contributions.
    • Lavji Rishi Ji's Maharashtra Tradition: Mentions Radha Ji (1810), Kushalkunwar Ji (instrumental in making rulers abstain from vices), Sirakunkwar Ji (exemplifying strict adherence to vows), Bade Sundarji (respected by Acharya Anandrishi Ji), Ratankunwar Ji (who stopped animal sacrifice), Anandkunwar Ji (demonstrated powers against snake venom), Ujjwalkumari Ji (discussed with Mahatma Gandhi), Sumatikunwar Ji (worked for women's upliftment), Pramodsudha Ji (honored with 'Bharat Mata' title), Acharya Chandana Ji (involved in humanitarian work), Dr. Dharmashila Ji (first Jain PhD), Dr. Muktiprabha Ji, Dr. Divyaprabha Ji (researchers of Jain philosophy), Preetisudha Ji (involved in de-addiction and animal welfare).
    • Haridas Ji's Punjabi Community: Khetanjiji is considered the starting point of the Shramani Sangha from around 1730. Figures like Bhagtanjiji (possessing keen perception of food purity), Sitaji (responsible for mass abstinence from meat and alcohol), Khemanji (vow of celibacy for 250 couples), Gyananji (reconnecting the fragmented sadhu tradition), Sheranji, Gange Devi Ji (patient and virtuous) are mentioned.
    • Parvati Ji Maharaj: Recognized as the first Jain Sadhvi author in Hindi literature. Chanda Ji, Draupadaji, Mathura Devi Ji, Mohandevi Ji are noted for their impactful discourses and social reform. Rajamati Ji, Pannadevi Ji, Kaushalyadevi Ji are described as embodiments of tolerance and self-discipline. Mohanmala Ji, Shubh Ji, Hemkanvar Ji performed exceptional fasts. Sita Ji, Pannadevi Ji, Kaushalya Ji, Maganashri Ji, Swarnakantha Ji, Hukumdevi Ji, Sundari Ji, Kesar Devi Ji, Kailashvati Ji, PawanKumari Ji, Shashikanta Ji are praised for their contributions to society and the nation.
    • Dharmasingh Ji's Tradition (Dariyapuri Sampradaya): Active in Gujarat for 386 years under an Acharya. Mention of Nathaibai (1961) known for equanimity during hardship. Kesar Bai, Tarabai, Heerabai, Vasumati Bai are highlighted for their virtues and teachings.
    • Dharmadas Ji's Tradition: Spread across Gujarat, Saurashtra, Kutch, Malwa, Marwar, and Mewar. Mentions Velbai Swami, Ujjwal Kumari Ji, Leelavati Bai (writer), Nirupama Ji (memorized 32 scriptures), Mithibai (ascetic). Notable Shramanis include Javeribai, Champabai, Manjulabai, Mithibai, Jetabai, Devkunwarbai. In Malwa, Menkanwar Ji influenced rulers to declare 'amari' (non-violence). Nandkanwar Ji's community is recognized for exceptional asceticism and scriptural knowledge. In Marwar, Fatehkanwar Ji copied vast scriptural texts, and Saradarkunwar Ji inspired many to join the spiritual path. Jadawaji, Bhursundari Ji are known for their poetic skills, and Pannadevi Ji stopped animal sacrifice. Umraokunwarji is a yogini and thoughtful advisor. In Mewar, Naginaji was adept in scriptural discussions, and Shrungarkunwar Ji was a fearless speaker. Premvati Ji is known as the 'Lioness of Rajasthan' for her work in non-violence.
    • Harji Rishi Ji's Tradition: Three branches: Kota, Sadhunmargi, Divakar. Khetanjiji (1910) is a key figure. Mention of Bakkanwar Ji (52-day Santhara), Mankunwar Ji (leader of disciples), Sajjan Kunwar Ji (stopped animal sacrifice), Prabhavkanwar Ji. Ranguji, Ratankunwar Ji, Nanukunkwar Ji (observed strict fasts), Anandkanwar Ji (lived by compassion), Barjuji (fasted for 82 days). Motaji, Nanukunkwar Ji (multilingual scholar). Sakarkunwar Ji, Kamalavati Ji (scholars and orators). Pankunwar Ji (exemplary renunciation during Santhara). Dr. Sushil Ji, Dr. Chandana Ji, Dr. Madhubala Ji, Satyasadhana Ji, Archana Ji are actively promoting Jainism.

  • Terapanth Tradition:

    • Began in Vikram Samvat 1821 with over 1700 Shramanis dedicated to spiritual growth.
    • Early figures: Hiraji, Varjuji, Dipaji, Malukaji, Sardaraji (known for organization and governance), Hastu Ji, Rambha Ji, Jeta Ji, Jhuman Ji, Jethan Ji (known for severe penances), Gulabaji (memory and calligraphy), Mukhan Ji (ageless knowledge), Dhannaji (fasting feats), Ladaji (influenced many to renounce).
    • Acharya Tulsi's Era: Considered a golden age. Gonraji spread Jainism across regions and created religious artifacts. Matushri Vadana Ji initiated three children and herself took diksha. Champa Ji, Malu Ji, Sohanaji, Surajkanwar Ji, Lichhman Ji, Kanchan Kunwar Ji, Pramodshri Ji, Sumankumari Ji are highlighted for their asceticism, skills, and literary contributions.
    • Mahashramani Kanakprabha Ji: Authored and edited about 115 books. Jayashri Ji, Amitprabha Ji, Lavanyaprabha Ji, Ujjwalprabha Ji, Saralayasha Ji, Saubhagyayasha Ji are recognized for their literary and academic achievements. Samani Sadhikas like Sthitapragya Ji, Kusumpragya Ji, Ujjwalpragya Ji, Akshaypragya Ji are contributing to society through their writings and teachings on meditation and life sciences.

• Conclusion (Upasamhar):

  • The book concludes by reiterating the vast and diverse contributions of Shramanis to Jainism, emphasizing their role in providing new thoughts, intellectual stimulation, and guidance to society.
  • They are portrayed as living embodiments of divine practice, visible across all times, regions, and sects.
  • Their contributions include promoting non-violence and abstention from vices, pursuing spiritual advancement through scriptures, meditation, and penance, creating profound philosophical and poetic literature, contributing to the preservation and renovation of religious sites, and engaging in social welfare activities.
  • The text also highlights their role in reform ('Kriyoddhar') against practices that deviated from the core Jain principles.
  • The author expresses that while the research provides a substantial overview, much more detailed research is needed for specific areas.

• Call for Re-evaluation and Equality:

  • The concluding sections raise critical questions about the current societal perception and treatment of Shramanis. It questions why experienced and knowledgeable Sadhvis are often considered subordinate to newly initiated monks.
  • It asks why they are not accorded leadership roles ('Sanghanayika') within the Chaturvidh Sangha (fourfold Jain community: monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen).
  • It advocates for a re-evaluation of traditions influenced by Vedic or Buddhist cultures, urging the Jain community to establish Mahavira's principles of equality.
  • The author calls for treating Shramanis with equality and empathy, granting them rights commensurate with their talent and capability.
  • The book aims to be a catalyst for revolutionary change, demanding that all Jain traditions work towards maintaining Jainism's purity and dignity by prohibiting discriminatory practices.

In essence, "Jain Shramani Parampara Ek Sarvekshan" is a monumental work of historical research that aims to restore the rightful place of Jain ascetics (Shramanis) in the narrative of Jainism, celebrating their immense and multifaceted contributions while advocating for their equal recognition and respect within the Jain community.