Jain Shraman Sangh Ka Itihas - Book Summary

This document is the "Jain Shraman Sangh ka Itihas" (History of the Jain Shraman Sangha) by Manmal Jain "Martand," published by Shri Jain Sahitya Mandir, Ajmer, in September 1956. The catalog link provided is jainqq.org/explore/034877/1.

Here's a comprehensive summary of the key themes and content presented in the provided text:

Overall Goal and Purpose:

The book aims to compile and present the history of the Jain Shraman Sangh, highlighting the glorious achievements and lives of its prominent monks (Shramanas). The author expresses regret for not being able to gather complete information about all revered monks due to financial constraints, lack of societal interest in literature, and insufficient cooperation from some monks. The author hopes this first edition will be well-received, inspiring a second edition with more comprehensive material and encouraging the current Jain Shraman Sangha to follow in the footsteps of their great predecessors, transcending sectarian differences to enhance the glory of Jainism.

Core Tenets of Jainism Highlighted:

World Peace and Love: Jainism is presented as a unique contribution to the world, promoting peace and love through its non-violent culture.
Self-Victory: The fundamental principle of Jainism is self-conquest (Atma Jeet). Jin (conquerors) are the external preachers, meaning those who have conquered themselves by overcoming internal enemies like desire, anger, pride, deceit, and greed.
Self-Reliance: Jainism emphasizes self-reliance and self-effort for spiritual upliftment. The soul itself possesses infinite power, knowledge, and virtue; these need to be awakened and expressed.
Spirituality Over Rituals: External rituals are considered less important than internal spiritual development.
Ahimsa (Non-violence): The text repeatedly emphasizes Ahimsa as the cornerstone of Jain philosophy and practice, extending it to the level of preventing harm to even the smallest creatures.
Anekantavada (Multi-perspectivism): Jainism's principle of "Anekantavada" is presented as a significant contribution to resolving philosophical complexities and differences, making its principles acceptable globally.
Universalism and Inclusivity: Jainism is portrayed as a universal religion, open to all regardless of caste, creed, gender, or social status. It is seen as a religion that can purify and uplift even the most fallen individuals.

Contribution of Jainism to Indian Culture and Civilization:

The book argues that Jainism has made an extraordinary contribution to the development of Indian culture. If Jainism's influence had remained strong, India might have been more organized and prosperous. The author contends that without acknowledging the Jain contribution, the true picture of Indian history, civilization, and culture cannot be understood. Jainism has been a source of new life, revolution, consciousness, and light in various fields, including religious, political, social, and artistic.

Historical Context and Antiquity of Jainism:

Challenging Historical Narratives: The author challenges prevailing historical views, particularly those of Western scholars, who often consider Jainism to be a later development or a branch of other religions.
Evidence from Ancient Texts: The book cites evidence from ancient Indian scriptures like the Mahabharata, Puranas (Shiv Purana, Skanda Purana, Nag Purana, Brahmavaivarta Purana, Vishnu Purana), Manusmriti, and even the Vedas (Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda) to prove Jainism's antiquity. It highlights mentions of Rishabhadeva, Arishtanemi, and other Tirthankaras in these texts, suggesting their existence predates the Vedic period or at least coexisted.
Global Spread: The text suggests that Jainism's influence extended beyond India, citing evidence of its spread to regions like Bactria, Egypt, Ethiopia, Macedonia, Greece, Persia, and even Tibet. The presence of Jain traders and missionaries is noted.
Influence on Other Religions: The book touches upon the possible influence of Jain principles on other traditions, such as vegetarianism and the concept of the soul's inherent power.

Shraman Culture vs. Brahmin Culture:

A significant portion of the text differentiates between "Shraman Culture" and "Brahmin Culture":

Shraman Culture:
- Origin: Derived from the word "Shramana" (one who strives or labors).
- Core Principles: Emphasis on self-effort, self-reliance, equality, equanimity, self-control (shaman of senses), and continuous striving for self-upliftment. "Live and let live" is a key tenet.
- Rejection of Blind Faith: Shraman culture rejects blind faith and superstitious practices, promoting rational inquiry and spiritual development through personal effort.
- Social Equality: It abolished caste distinctions, emphasizing character and merit over birth. Women were given equal rights for self-upliftment.
Brahmin Culture:
- Origin: Tied to rituals, external actions, and the dominance of the priestly class.
- Core Principles: Emphasis on worship of deities, sacrifices (Yajnas), and reliance on divine grace or unseen forces for worldly gains.
- Hierarchy and Dogma: It led to the establishment of a rigid caste system, priestcraft, and ultimately, the dominance of a particular class.
- External Focus: The focus was primarily on external rituals and their efficacy, which sometimes overshadowed the core spiritual message.
- Exploitation: The text suggests that the Brahminical system eventually became a means of livelihood for the priestly class, leading to the proliferation of rituals and the dependence of other communities on them.

The Mahavratas (Great Vows) of Jain Munis:

The text details the five great vows observed by Jain monks:

Ahimsa (Non-violence): Explained in its most comprehensive form, covering mental, verbal, and physical non-violence, and the prevention of harm in any form.
Satya (Truth): Emphasizing not just speaking the truth, but speaking it with kindness, compassion, and without causing harm, with the understanding of Anekantavada.
Asteya (Non-stealing): Covering the acquisition of wealth, resources, or even the use of objects without permission.
Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity): Explained in its broad sense, encompassing control over senses, thoughts, and actions related to worldly desires.
Aparigraha (Non-possession/Non-attachment): Detailed as the avoidance of material accumulation beyond necessity, with a focus on relinquishing inner attachment and ego.

Tirthankaras and Jain Tradition:

The book lists the 24 Tirthankaras of the current era, providing their names, birthplaces, mothers, fathers, lineage, symbols, and birth dates. It highlights Lord Rishabhadeva as the first Tirthankara and founder of civilization, Lord Parshvanatha for his socio-religious reforms, and Lord Mahavir Swami as the final Tirthankara who revitalized Jainism with his profound philosophy and revolutionary teachings.

Evolution of Jain Sangha and Sectarian Divisions:

The text traces the historical development of the Jain Sangha, including the emergence of different gachhas (traditions/sects) like the Nirgranth, Koti Gachh, Chandragachh, Vadgachh, Khartargachh, Tapagachh, Anchal Gachh, and others. It discusses the reasons for these divisions, often attributed to differing interpretations of practices like nudity (Digambara vs. Shvetambara), the role of rituals, and later, the influence of societal changes and interpretations of scriptures. The author notes the rise of communalism in later centuries, leading to the fragmentation of the Jain Sangha.

Prominent Acharyas and Their Contributions:

The book extensively details the lives and literary contributions of numerous influential Jain Acharyas from ancient times to the publication date (1956). These include:

Early Acharyas: Rishabhadeva, Parsvanatha, Mahavir Swami, Gautam Swami, Sudharma Swami, Jambu Swami, etc.
Acharyas known for their intellectual prowess: Siddhasena Divakara (known for Nyayavatara and Sanmati Tarka), Aryarakshit, Kolakacharya, Bhalchandra, Vidyananda, Akalankadeva, Manikyanandi, Devasena, Yashovijaya, etc.
Acharyas known for their literary works: Haribhadra Suri (numerous works, including Yogabindu), Hemachandra Suri (Grammar, literature, history), Jinadatta Suri, Jinesvar Suri, Jinchandra Suri, Jinakusala Suri, Jinaprabha Suri, Jinakirti Suri, Jinavijay Suri, Mohanlalji Mahraj, Anandsagar Suri, Vijay Vallabh Suri, etc.
Acharyas known for their social reform and propagation: Acharya Vijay Vallabh Suri (for his efforts in unifying sects and social reform), Acharya Vijay Dharm Suri, Acharya Vijay Anandsagar Suri, Acharya Vijayanand Suri, Acharya Vijayalakshman Suri, Acharya Vijaylalji Mohal, Acharya Mohalji, and the highly revered Acharya Shri Mohanlalji Maharaj, Acharya Shri Kashiramji Maharaj, Acharya Shri Jawaharlalji Maharaj, Acharya Shri Amar-singhji Maharaj, Acharya Shri Anandsagarji Maharaj, Acharya Shri Vijayavallabh Suri, Acharya Shri Vijayalaxman Suri, Acharya Shri Vijay Mohansuri, Acharya Shri Vijay Purnanand Suri, Acharya Shri Vijay Dharm Suri, Acharya Shri Vijay Kesar Suri, Acharya Shri Vijay Nemisurishwarji, Acharya Shri Vijaylalji Mahraj, Acharya Shri Kanti Sagarji, Acharya Shri Sukh Sagarji, Acharya Shri Vijayalakshman Suri, etc. The text also highlights the contributions of prominent Sadhvis like Shri Mrigavatiji.

Contemporary Jain Monastic Orders (as of 1956):

The book provides a detailed overview of the different monastic orders (Gachhas) and their current leadership (as of 1956), including:

Tapa Gachh: Described as the most influential and ancient, with a long lineage of Acharyas like Jagadchandra Suri, Vijaydan Suri, Hiravijaya Suri, Vijayvallabh Suri, Vijayalaxman Suri, Vijay Sagar Suri, Vijay Dharm Suri, Vijayalavanya Suri, and others.
Khartargachh: Known for its scholarly tradition and influence, with key figures like Jinshreshar Suri, Jinbhand Suri, Jinvallabh Suri, Jindatta Suri, Jinchandra Suri, Jinakushal Suri, Jinaprabha Suri, Jinakirti Suri, Jinavijay Suri, Vijay Mohalji, and Vijaylalji.
Anchal Gachh: Mentioned with its origin linked to Acharya Rakshit Suri.
Paurnamika Gachh: Linked to Acharya Bhuvanchandra Suri.
Sthanakvasi Sampradaya: Discusses its origins, the role of Lumkashah, the five founding figures (Jivaraji, Dhramsinhji, Lavji Rishi, Dharmdasji, Harji Rishi), and the subsequent development of 22 communities. It highlights the efforts towards unification, the establishment of the 'Shraman Sangha', and the leadership of Acharya Shri Atmaramji Maharaj.
Terapanth Sampradaya: Traces its origin to Swami Bhikhanji Maharaj and its distinct principles.
Yati Parampara: Acknowledges the historical role of Yatras in Jain monastic life and their evolving forms, noting the gradual integration into the broader Shraman Sangha.

Key Figures and Their Contributions (as highlighted in the text):

Lord Rishabhadeva: Founder of civilization, first Tirthankara.
Lord Mahavir Swami: Great social reformer, propounder of Ahimsa, Anekantavada, and the five Mahavratas.
Acharya Hemachandra: A towering figure in Jain literature and philosophy, renowned for his "Siddha Hem" grammar and vast literary output.
Acharya Shri Mohanlalji Maharaj: A prominent modern acharya, known for his spiritual influence, social reform, and efforts in education.
Acharya Shri Vijayavallabh Suri: A significant figure in modern Jainism, credited with promoting Jainism, education, and social reform, particularly in Punjab.
Acharya Shri Atmaramji Maharaj: Revered as a key leader in the Sthanakvasi tradition, known for his scholarship and social reform efforts.
Acharya Shri Vijayavallabh Suri: Celebrated for his efforts in unifying Jain communities, promoting education, and his role in social reform.
Acharya Shri Vijay Nemisurishwarji: A highly influential figure known for his prolific literary works and widespread appeal.
Acharya Shri Vijayalavanya Suri: Recognized for his extensive literary contributions and deep philosophical insights.
Acharya Shri Vijayanand Suri: Celebrated for his participation in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago and his broad impact on Jainism's global recognition.
Acharya Shri Mohanlalji Maharaj: A significant figure in modern Jainism, known for his broad reach and influence in Gujarat.

Structure and Tone:

The book is structured thematically, starting with the core principles of Jainism, its historical influence, and then delving into the biographies and contributions of various historical figures and monastic lineages. The tone is reverent and appreciative of the great Jain Acharyas, while also being critical of historical trends that led to sectarianism.

This summary aims to cover the extensive information provided in the text, highlighting its historical, philosophical, and sociological aspects concerning the Jain Shraman tradition.