Jain Sahitya Sambandhi Lekhono Sangraha

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Book Title: Jain Sahitya Sambandhi Lekhono Sangraha (Collection of Articles Related to Jain Literature) Publisher: Shri Jain Dharm Prasarak Sabha, Bhavnagar Catalog Link: https://jainqq.org/explore/005198/1

Overall Purpose:

This book is a collection of articles presented at the Seventh Gujarati Sahitya Parishad (Literary Conference) held in Bhavnagar. The volume aims to showcase and promote understanding of various aspects of Jain literature, highlighting its depth, historical significance, and cultural impact. It contains articles by various scholars and prominent figures in the Jain community, covering a wide range of topics.

Key Sections and Themes:

The book is structured as a compilation of distinct articles, each focusing on a specific area of Jain literature and thought. The main themes explored include:

1. Jain Literature's Progressive Direction ("Jain Sahityani Hitavah Disha"): This is the presidential address by Pandit Fatehchand Kapoorchand Lalan.

   • He emphasizes the profound and ineffable nature of knowledge, stating that words and scripts can only partially convey its purity.
   • He traces the evolution of Jain literature from oral tradition (sound-based) to scriptural (word-based), then manuscript (writing-based), and finally printed literature, noting the impact of memory loss and the necessity of preservation through writing.
   • Lalan discusses the two major councils at Mathura and Vallabhi that were instrumental in compiling and codifying Jain scriptures.
   • He addresses the historical resistance to printing Jain literature, arguing that while it preserves tradition, printing facilitates wider dissemination, which is crucial in the face of potential memory loss.
   • He highlights the expansive nature of Jain literature, divided into four Anuyogas (Dravyānuyog, Gaṇitānuyog, Charaṇkarnānuyog, and Charaṇkarnānuyog), comparing them to the four Vedas in terms of their foundational importance.
   • Lalan discusses the growing interest in Jain literature in Western countries and contrasts the propagation of Buddhism with Jainism's endurance within India.
   • He asserts that Jainism's literature is superior and more beneficial, though it hasn't received the recognition it deserves. He stresses the profound influence of Jainism on Indian culture, ethics, science, and language.
   • He delves into the concept of Anekāntavāda (non-absolutism) and Syādvāda (conditional predication) as core principles of Jain philosophy.
   • He touches upon Jain literature's contribution to various fields like art, architecture, and the importance of Ahimsa (non-violence) as a foundational principle.
   • He concludes by emphasizing the need for continuous effort to preserve, expand, and promote Jain literature.

2. Karmasambandhi Jain Sahitya (Jain Literature Related to Karma): This article by Shah Kunvarji Anandji discusses the extensive Jain literature on the concept of Karma.

   • He asserts that Jainism has the most comprehensive literature on Karma compared to other Indian philosophies.
   • He explains that Karma is an intangible concept, and its study is crucial for understanding the soul's journey towards liberation (Moksha).
   • Jainism is characterized as purusharthavadi (self-effort oriented) because it emphasizes that liberation is achieved through one's own efforts, not divine intervention.
   • He outlines the eight types of Karma (Karmas) and their 158 sub-types, briefly explaining their function (e.g., Jñānāvaraṇīya covering knowledge, Darshanāvaraṇīya covering perception).
   • He details the four primary causes of Karma binding: Mithyātva (false belief), Avirati (non-restraint), Kashāya (passions), and Yogas (activity of mind, speech, and body).
   • Jain philosophy categorizes spiritual progress into 14 stages (Guṇasthāna).
   • He clarifies that Karma, though material (pudgala), influences the soul, much like how certain substances affect consciousness or the body. He refutes the idea of Karma being immaterial (arūpī).
   • He explains the process of Karma binding, its effects on the soul's qualities, and the eventual liberation through the cessation of Karma.
   • He provides an extensive list of Jain texts dealing with Karma, highlighting the efforts of Jain scholars and institutions in publishing and preserving this literature.

3. Jain Nyayane Kramik Vikas (The Gradual Development of Jain Logic): This article by Pandit Sukhlalji analyzes the evolution of Jain logic.

   • He defines logic (Nyaya) as the method of reasoning and inference to determine truth, and Nyaya Shastra as the study of these methods, including proof (pramāṇa) and the objects of knowledge (prameya).
   • He argues that logic is an inherent outcome of human intelligence, driven by curiosity and the desire for knowledge.
   • Jain logic is distinguished from Vedic and Buddhist logic by its core principle of Anekāntavāda (non-absolutism), which acknowledges multiple perspectives and avoids rigid, one-sided conclusions.
   • He traces the influence of Vedic philosophy on Buddhist and Jain logic, particularly in the adoption of Sanskrit language and logical methodologies.
   • He divides the development of Jain logic into four periods: Bijakāla (seed stage), Pallavitkāla (sprouting stage), Puṣpittkāla (flowering stage), and Phalkāla (fruition stage), corresponding to approximate centuries.
   • He identifies key figures in Jain logic, such as Samantabhadra (Digambara) and Siddhasena Divakara (Svetambara), acknowledging their significant contributions and the difficulty in establishing their chronological order.
   • He highlights their shared focus on Jain philosophy, its founder, and core principles like Anekāntavāda, often engaging in polemics against other philosophical schools.
   • He mentions Siddhasena Divakara's Nyāyāvatāra as a foundational text for structured Jain logic.
   • He discusses the influence of earlier Jain logicians on later figures like Haribhadra Suri and Madhavacharya.
   • He concludes by emphasizing the vastness of Jain logical literature and the need for further research and translation into Gujarati to make it accessible to a wider audience.

4. Pashchatya Vidvano ne Jain Sahitya (Western Scholars and Jain Literature): This article by Ra. Ra. Fulchand Harichand Shahu discusses the growing interest and contribution of Western scholars to Jain studies.

   • He notes that initially, there was significant ignorance and misconception about Jainism among Western scholars.
   • He refutes common misconceptions such as Jainism being a branch of Buddhism, Mahavira being its founder, or Jainism being atheistic because it doesn't believe in a creator God.
   • He cites scholars like Dr. Jacobi, Dr. Bühler, and Dr. Hoernle for their pioneering work in translating and researching Jain scriptures.
   • He mentions Dr. Jacobi's significant contributions and the assistance he received from Dr. Bühler and Dr. Leumann.
   • He highlights the initial publications by Dr. Weber in 1876, who noted the significance of Jain literature, grammar, and lexicography.
   • He provides a list of scholars and their works, showing the increasing academic engagement with Jainism from the late 19th century onwards, particularly in Germany and Europe.
   • He acknowledges the influence of Jain philosophy on other Indian traditions and points to the rediscovery of Jainism's ancient roots.
   • He emphasizes that Jainism is a distinct religion with unique philosophical contributions like Syādvāda and Paramāṇuvāda.
   • He concludes by stating the ongoing efforts by Western scholars to promote Jain literature and the need for greater recognition and support for such endeavors.

5. Jain Kavi (Jain Poets): Authored by Acharya Muni Nyayavijayji, this section introduces prominent Jain poets and their contributions.

   • He highlights the significant contribution of Jain monks and lay followers to Gujarati, Sanskrit, and Prakrit literature.
   • He pays tribute to influential figures like Siddhasena Divakara, Haribhadra Suri, and Hemchandracharya, noting their profound impact on Jain philosophy, literature, and governance.
   • He mentions the difficulty in finding detailed biographies of many Jain poets, but focuses on notable ones.
   • Dhanpal: Praised as a great poet of the 13th century, known for his work Tilakmanjari. He was initially a Vedic follower who later converted to Jainism. His poetry is characterized by its intellectual depth, elegant language, and adherence to proper descriptions.
   • Shobhanacharya: Dhanpal's brother, also a remarkable poet, known for his Shobhan Stuti, praised for its innovative structure and meaningful verses.
   • Viravijayji: A prominent Jain poet of the late 18th and early 19th centuries, known for his devotional pujas and rasas in Gujarati. His works are accessible and appreciated for their blend of devotional sentiment, philosophical insights, and poetic skill. He is noted for his courage in challenging the status quo of lax monastic practices.
   • He discusses the historical context, including the political landscape and the efforts of Jain figures to promote their faith and literature.

6. Jain Danvir (Jain Philanthropists): Also by Acharya Muni Nyayavijayji, this section highlights remarkable Jain philanthropists.

   • Bhavadshah: A 1st-century BCE Jain philanthropist known for his business acumen and generosity, particularly in supporting Jain traditions and temples. His story illustrates perseverance through adversity and divine intervention.
   • Khemaderani: A prominent merchant from Champaner during the time of Mahmud Begada, known for his extraordinary generosity during a severe famine in 1315 VS (1258 CE). He provided food and relief to a vast population, earning the title "Shah" and demonstrating immense compassion.
   • Jagadusha: A renowned philanthropist from Kutch-Bhadreshwar, active in the 14th century. He is celebrated for providing extensive relief during a widespread famine, donating vast quantities of grain to rulers and people across India, thus earning the title "Kuber of Gujarat." His legacy includes building numerous temples and charitable institutions.

7. Jain Rajaon (Jain Kings): Also by Acharya Muni Nyayavijayji, this section details prominent Jain rulers.

   • Chetak Raja: The king of Vaishali and an ardent devotee of Lord Mahavir. He maintained high ethical standards, even in political dealings, and is noted for his strong family ties and diplomatic prowess. His defiance of Kaṇika (son of Ajatashatru) is highlighted.
   • Udayana: The king of Sindhu-Sauvira, renowned as the last Jain Rajarshi. His life story, as depicted in Jain scriptures like the Bhagavati Sutra, includes his devotion to Jain principles, his interaction with Jain monks, and his eventual renunciation.
   • Shrenik: A contemporary of Lord Mahavir, known for his just rule, patronage of scholars, and eventual embrace of Jainism. His story highlights his early life challenges, his father's tests, his eventual return, and his deep respect for Jain monks, even defending them against criticism. His reign saw the flourishing of Jainism.
   • Samprati: The grandson of Emperor Ashoka, who embraced Jainism and played a pivotal role in spreading it across India and beyond. He is credited with extensive charitable activities, building numerous Jain temples and promoting Jain principles. His reign marks a significant period of Jain influence.
   • Kumarpal: A celebrated king of Gujarat, known for his patronage of Jainism under the guidance of Acharya Hemchandracharya. His reign is marked by significant architectural projects, promotion of non-violence (ahimsa), and a just administration. His life story, as recounted in various Jain chronicles, showcases his transformation and devotion.

8. Jain Rasao (Jain Rasas): Authored by Ra. Ra. Gandhi Vallabhdas Tribhuvandas, this section focuses on Jain Rasas.

   • He defines Rasas as narrative poems, often based on the lives of revered figures, used for religious and ethical instruction.
   • He notes that Jain poets utilized various folk melodies and deshis (local tunes) to compose these Rasas, making them accessible and appealing to the masses.
   • He emphasizes the historical value of these Rasas, providing insights into the evolution of the Gujarati language and Jain history.
   • He explains that Rasas typically begin with prayers to Jain Tirthankaras, gurus, and Saraswati, followed by the narrative, and concluding with a prashasti (colophon) detailing the author, time, and place of composition.
   • He highlights the role of Jain poets in preserving and propagating Jain teachings, especially during periods of political upheaval and the decline of Sanskrit scholarship.
   • He contrasts Jain Rasas with those of other traditions, noting their unique blend of devotional fervor, ethical teachings, and historical narratives, often presenting Jain principles in a relatable manner.
   • He mentions prominent Jain poets like Narsinh Mehta, Premanand, Dayaram, and others, while acknowledging the significant, though often under-recognized, contribution of Jain poets to Gujarati literature.
   • He laments that much Jain literature remains uncataloged and un-published, urging the Jain community to actively preserve and promote their rich literary heritage.

9. Jain Bhugol (Jain Geography): Authored by Acharya Muni Nyayavijayji, this article explores Jain cosmology and geography.

   • It describes the Jain concept of the universe (Loka) as a human-like form (Purushakara) situated in the middle of infinite space (Alokakasha).
   • The Loka is divided into various realms: hellish realms (Naraka), the human realm (Martyaloka), heavenly realms (Deva Loka), and the abode of liberated souls (Siddhashila).
   • It details the structure of the Jambudvipa, the central continent, with Mount Meru at its core, surrounded by rivers, mountains, and various regions (Kshetras) inhabited by humans and other beings.
   • The article compares Jain cosmology with Puranic descriptions, noting similarities in the concept of Jambudvipa and Mount Meru but also highlighting differences in precise measurements and hierarchical arrangements.
   • It discusses the debate on the Earth's stability versus the geocentric model prevalent in ancient texts, noting that Jain scriptures describe a layered structure of realms supported by cosmic principles rather than physical entities.
   • It explains the Jain concept of Loka and Alokakasha, differentiating between space that contains beings and phenomena and the infinite void.
   • It discusses the concept of yojana as a unit of measurement in Jain cosmology, noting variations in interpretation and scale.
   • It concludes by emphasizing the detailed and intricate nature of Jain cosmological descriptions.

10. Shri Mad Devchandji: Authored by Manilal Mohanlal Padrakar, this extensive section is a biographical and literary analysis of Shri Devchandji.

    • It highlights Devchandji as a prominent Jain scholar, philosopher, poet, and protector of Jainism.
    • It laments the scarcity of detailed biographical information about him and his contemporaries, attributing it to the tradition of Jain monks not focusing on personal glorification.
    • It draws information from Devchandji's own works, particularly his devotional poetry (stotras) and philosophical treatises, to reconstruct aspects of his life, teachings, and intellectual prowess.
    • The article traces his lineage, likely place of birth in Gujarat, his spiritual journey, and his interactions with other prominent Jain monks and scholars of his time.
    • It discusses his proficiency in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Gujarati, and his ability to convey profound spiritual concepts in simple, accessible language.
    • It highlights his devotional aspect, evident in his poetry, where he often uses metaphors from nature to express his deep love for the divine.
    • The author notes Devchandji's deep understanding of Jain Agamas and his ability to explain complex philosophical concepts like Dravyānuyoga to laypeople.
    • His life is presented as a testament to spiritual discipline, detachment from worldly affairs, and the pursuit of self-realization.
    • The article includes excerpts from his works, showcasing his poetic talent and philosophical depth.
    • It mentions the challenges in fully documenting his life but praises his significant contributions to Jain literature, particularly in the fields of spirituality and ethics.

11. Kavivar Samaysundar: Authored by Ra. Ra. Mohanlal Dalichand Desai, this section focuses on the life and works of the Jain poet Samayasundar.

    • It places Samayasundar in the 17th century CE, noting his Upadhyay title received in 1596 VS.
    • It discusses the prevailing religious and political climate of his time, marked by sectarian disputes among Jain monastic orders and the influence of Mughal emperors like Akbar and Jahangir, who showed a degree of tolerance and patronage towards Jainism.
    • It highlights Samayasundar's prolific output, covering devotional poetry (stotras, padas), narrative poems (rasas, choupais), and philosophical treatises.
    • His works are praised for their blend of devotional fervor, ethical teachings, historical narratives, and linguistic richness, often drawing from folk traditions and Jain scriptures.
    • It provides detailed information about his lineage, his guru (Jinchandra Suri), and his travels across various regions of India.
    • The article includes excerpts from his writings, demonstrating his poetic skill and his ability to convey Jain philosophy in an accessible manner.
    • It emphasizes his role in enriching Gujarati literature and preserving Jain traditions through his writings.
    • The author also touches upon the scholarly efforts of others, like Pandit Lavanyasumri, in researching and preserving Jain literature.

Overall Contribution:

This collection serves as a valuable resource for understanding the multifaceted nature of Jain literature. It demonstrates the intellectual depth, historical continuity, and cultural significance of Jainism through the contributions of its scholars, poets, kings, and philanthropists. The book underscores the Jain emphasis on self-effort, ethical conduct, non-violence, and the profound philosophical inquiry into the nature of reality and the soul's journey. It also highlights the enduring efforts to preserve and disseminate this rich literary heritage.