Jain Parampara Ke Vrat Upvaso Ka Ayu Vaigyanik Vaishishtya - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Jain Parampara ke Vrat Upvaso ka Ayu Vaigyanik Vaishishtya" by Kanhiyalal Gaud, focusing on the scientific and longevity aspects of Jain vows and fasting practices:

The book, "Jain Parampara ke Vrat Upvaso ka Ayu Vaigyanik Vaishishtya" (The Scientific and Longevity Aspects of Vows and Fasts in the Jain Tradition) by Kanhiyalal Gaud, explores the profound benefits of the Jain ethical framework, particularly its vows and fasting practices, from a scientific and health-oriented perspective. The author emphasizes that a righteous conduct, known as 'charitra' in Jainism, is built upon 'sadachar' (good conduct). This good conduct stems from knowledge of what is good and bad, and the subsequent adoption of good actions while abandoning bad ones. This process is referred to as 'samyak charitra' (right conduct) in Jainism.

The text begins by highlighting the Vedic tradition's ninefold path to Dharma and contrasts it with the Jain tradition's twelve vows. It asserts that without observing these vows, one cannot become virtuous, live a long life, or maintain good health. The initial five vows, known as 'anuvratas' (minor vows), are considered foundational for those aspiring to righteous conduct and longevity.

Key Vows and Their Scientific/Longevity Significance:

Ahimsa (Non-violence): The book extensively discusses Ahimsa as the paramount principle in Jainism. It defines violence as the separation of the ten vital forces of a being: the five senses, mind, speech, body, breath, and lifespan. Lord Mahavir's teachings on Ahimsa are cited, emphasizing the avoidance of harming any living being through thought, word, or deed. Ahimsa is presented as the ultimate path to universal friendship and brotherhood, destroying negative karmic influences and paving the way for spiritual liberation. It is described as the resting place of all creatures, a playground, and the ornament of humanity, possessing limitless potential. The practical application of Ahimsa in social, political, and spiritual spheres is deemed essential.
Satya (Truthfulness): Truth is defined as that which is beneficial to the virtuous and beneficial to others. The text stresses that even if something is true, it should not be spoken if it causes pain or harm to the soul. Gossip, harsh speech, and slander are categorized as verbal sins.
Asteya (Non-stealing): This vow encompasses refraining from taking anything that is not freely given, whether it is lost, found, or intentionally left unattended. The text explains that taking anything without the owner's permission, with the intention of theft, through mind, speech, or body, constitutes stealing. It also details five associated offenses ('atiyachar') that weaken this vow, such as aiding thieves, accepting stolen goods, engaging in prohibited activities, misrepresenting goods in sales, and using false weights and measures. The avoidance of such actions is crucial for a virtuous life and longevity.
Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity): The ideal is complete celibacy, but for those with less firm resolve, the vow of contentment with one's own spouse is advocated. The text explains that controlling desires as they arise is true celibacy. This vow, by curbing mental and verbal pathways related to desire, leads to profound spiritual benefits, specifically the control of senses. The adverse physical and spiritual consequences of extramarital relations are highlighted, citing Ayurvedic texts that link excessive sexual activity to various diseases. The text quotes the famous saying, "It is content of heart gives nature power to please," emphasizing the role of contentment in maintaining health and happiness. Scientific research is cited, suggesting that chastity contributes to better health, improved digestion, and joyful aging.
Parigraha Maryada Vrat (Vow of Limited Possessions/Non-attachment): This vow involves setting limits on the acquisition and accumulation of material possessions like wealth, land, and dependents. It is deemed crucial for overcoming greed and controlling desires. The text explains that while limiting possessions helps control greed and maintain physical health, complete control of the mind and senses requires further regulation of the consumption of enjoyments.
Dighi Pariman Vrat (Vow of Limiting Directions) & Bhogopbhog Pariman Vrat (Vow of Limiting Consumption): These vows involve restricting one's movement to certain geographical areas and limiting the types and quantities of food and objects consumed. The former helps curb the spread of desires, while the latter controls the urge for worldly enjoyments. These practices are seen as a form of penance that directly inhibits greed and the desire for material pleasures.
Apramada Vrat (Vow of Vigilance against Unnecessary Sins): This vow advocates for abstaining from four types of "unintended punishments" (anartha dand): daydreaming, negligence, accumulating weapons of violence, and preaching sin. By avoiding these, one can remain detached even in the face of loss or death, maintain health, and foster a cheerful disposition.
Samayika Vrat (Vow of Equanimity/Meditation): This practice involves spending time in meditation and contemplation, cultivating equanimity of mind. It is described as a mental yoga that stabilizes the mind and purifies it. The text emphasizes that the mind is the cause of both bondage and liberation, and maintaining mental balance through Samayika is essential for spiritual progress. The value of Samayika is considered far greater than material donations.
Deshavakasika Vrat (Vow of Limited Space/Time): This vow involves further restricting one's movements and activities, either for a specific duration (e.g., a few hours, a day) or to a smaller geographical area. This practice helps in developing self-control and deepening one's understanding of the self and the world.
Paushadha Vrat (Vow of Observance on Holy Days): This involves a 24-hour fast, renouncing worldly attire and ornaments, and dedicating the day to religious practices and contemplation. It is observed on auspicious days like Ashtami, Chaturdashi, Purnima, and Amavasya. This practice is seen as a way to purify the mind and body, and its benefits are likened to those of spiritual practices.
Atithi Dan Vrat (Vow of Guest Donation): This vow emphasizes offering hospitality and sustenance (food, clothing, etc.) to those who have renounced worldly attachments and are dedicated to spiritual pursuits (Saints and ascetics). The act of feeding the hungry is considered the most significant form of guest service, as food is equated with life itself.

The Scientific Basis of Fasting (Upvas):

The book strongly advocates for the scientific and therapeutic benefits of fasting. It states that observing vows and fasts leads to physical well-being, longevity, and a well-proportioned physique. Fasting aids digestion, regulates blood pressure, and ensures the smooth functioning of the nervous system, stomach, and heart. The text draws a parallel with ancient Rishis who lived long, healthy lives without the need for external medicines, attributing their vitality to their disciplined lifestyle and practices like fasting.

The text explains that fasting is a form of penance ('tapas') that purifies the vital essence of the body, including blood, muscle, bone marrow, and reproductive fluids, as well as washes away negative karma. It stresses that fasting should be undertaken with mental well-being, without causing harm to the senses or disrupting one's spiritual practice. The emphasis is on gradual progression, starting with occasional fasts, then increasing their frequency and duration, eventually aiming for 'santharak' (voluntary fasting until death).

Scientific research by Dr. Edward Hooker is cited, which suggests that fasting does not diminish mental strength, as the brain's nourishment is self-generated and independent of external food intake. Rest and sleep are highlighted as crucial for brain rejuvenation. The book also notes that mental stress and emotional disturbances can lead to a loss of appetite, and that the body's natural inclination is to reduce food intake during illness, suggesting that fasting is a natural mechanism for healing and purification.

Conclusion:

In essence, the book "Jain Parampara ke Vrat Upvaso ka Ayu Vaigyanik Vaishishtya" argues that the vows and fasting practices prescribed in the Jain tradition are not merely religious rituals but are deeply rooted in scientific principles that promote physical health, mental clarity, and spiritual growth. By adhering to these practices, individuals can achieve longevity, well-being, and contribute to the betterment of society and the nation. The author concludes that the systematic observance of these twelve vows offers a profound path to a healthy and meaningful life, underscoring the ancient wisdom embedded in Jain philosophy.