Jain Parampara Ka Itihas

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jain Parampara ka Itihas" by Nathmalmuni, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Jain Parampara ka Itihas (History of Jain Tradition) Author: Muni Nathmal Publisher: Adarsh Sahitya Sangh Subject: History and philosophy of Jainism.

Core Theme: The book aims to provide a historical overview of the Jain tradition, tracing its origins from pre-historic times through its historical development, focusing on its philosophy, literature, social impact, and organizational structures. It emphasizes the deep antiquity of Jainism, equating it with the tradition of the soul and its philosophical exploration.

Key Areas Covered:

1. Pre-historic Period:

   • Cosmic Time Cycles: The text explains the Jain concept of time cycles (Avsarpini and Utsarpini), each divided into six stages of progressive decline and ascent in terms of human physical and societal characteristics. It notes that humanity is currently in the fifth stage of decline (Dushama-Dushama).
   • Early Human Society: It describes the initial state of humanity as being idyllic, with long lifespans, giant bodies, and a dependence on wish-fulfilling trees (Kalpavriksha) for sustenance and needs. Social structures were minimal, with individuals living in pairs (Yugalikas) without concepts of family, class, or state.
   • The Role of Kulakaras: As the era declined, the wish-fulfilling trees weakened, and natural sustenance became scarce. This led to societal changes and the emergence of the "Kulakara" system, where leaders emerged to organize society, establish rules, and administer justice. The text mentions the evolution of disciplinary measures from "Hakar" (shame), to "Makar" (prohibition), to "Dhikar" (condemnation).
   • Introduction of Marriage and Varna: The narrative highlights the shift from natural births to artificial births and the loosening of the "Yugalika" pairing system, leading to the institution of marriage. It also details the establishment of the four-fold social order (Varna) by Rishabhadeva: Brahman (priests/scholars), Bhog (administrators), Rajanya (nobility), and Kshatriya (warriors).

2. The First Tirthankara, Rishabhadeva:

   • Social and Economic Reforms: Rishabhadeva is presented as the first king and lawgiver. He addressed the challenges of food scarcity by teaching people to eat grains and later, through the discovery of fire, introduced cooking and pottery. He laid the foundation for civilization by establishing cities (like Ayodhya), introducing crafts, agriculture, and a system of governance.
   • Development of Arts and Sciences: Rishabhadeva is credited with teaching various arts and sciences to his children, including writing (Brahmic script) and mathematics, laying the groundwork for societal development.
   • The Beginning of Empire and War: The text notes that Rishabhadeva's eldest son, Bharat, desired to become a Chakravarti Samrat, leading to the initial concepts of empire-building and, consequently, the possibility of conflict. Rishabhadeva's sons, faced with Bharat's ambition, ultimately chose spiritual renunciation over war or submission, guided by their father's teachings.
   • Spiritual Legacy: After establishing social order, Rishabhadeva himself renounced his kingdom and became an ascetic, attaining omniscience (Kevala Jnana) and establishing the four-fold Jain community (monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen).

3. Historical Period (Focus on Parshvanatha and Mahavir):

   • Tirthankara Parshvanatha: Identified as the 23rd Tirthankara, Parshvanatha is recognized as a historical figure who lived approximately 250 years before Mahavir. His tradition was unbroken, and his followers included Mahavir's parents. Parshvanatha's teachings emphasized the four vows (Chaturyama Dharma): non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, and non-possession. The text highlights his contribution to making Ahimsa practical and societal, rather than just an ascetic practice.
   • Tirthankara Mahavir: The 24th Tirthankara, Mahavir, is presented as the central figure of the historical period.
     • Birth and Family: Born in 566 BCE to King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala, he belonged to the Jnatri clan. The text discusses different opinions on his birthplace (Kshatriya Kund, Kundalpur, Vaishali).
     • Early Life and Renunciation: Despite initial familial obligations and marriage (though the Digambara tradition considers him celibate), Mahavir renounced worldly life at the age of 30.
     • Spiritual Rigor: He practiced extreme austerity and endured immense hardships for twelve and a half years, demonstrating incredible forbearance and detachment.
     • Attainment of Kevala Jnana: After his rigorous penance, Mahavir attained omniscience, becoming a fully enlightened being.
     • Preaching and Establishment of the Sangha: He established the Jain doctrine, delivering sermons and organizing the four-fold monastic community. His teachings emphasized the five great vows (Panch Mahavrata), wisdom, right conduct, and universal equality, challenging social hierarchies based on caste and gender.
     • Inclusivity of Women: The text notes Mahavir's significant contribution in allowing women to join the monastic order, a stance that contrasted with some contemporary spiritual leaders and was praised for its empowering nature.
     • Social Impact: Mahavir's teachings significantly influenced society by promoting non-violence, equality, and ethical conduct, challenging prevailing norms of ritualism, caste discrimination, and materialism. He interacted with kings like Bimbisara-Shrenika and Chetaka, whose adherence to Jain principles demonstrates the religion's reach and influence.
     • Philosophical Debates: The text touches upon the philosophical landscape of Mahavir's time, mentioning various schools of thought like Kriyavada, Akriyavada, Vinayavada, and Ajnanavada, and how Mahavir addressed these through his rational and ethical framework.
     • The Post-Mahavir Era: It briefly mentions the succession of key disciples (Ganadharas like Gautam Swami) and the continuity of the tradition.

4. Jain Literature:

   • Agamas: The core of Jain scripture, the Agamas, are described as the teachings of the Tirthankaras, compiled by their chief disciples (Ganadharas). The text details the structure of the Agamas, including the 12 Angas (primary scriptures) and the 14 Purvas (lost early scriptures).
   • Language of Agamas: The language is identified as Ardha-Magadhi, a Prakrit dialect with influences from various regional languages. The text discusses the linguistic differences between Ardha-Magadhi and later Jain Maharashtri Prakrit.
   • Compilation and Transmission: It explains the challenges in preserving the Agamas, especially the loss of the Purvas and the efforts to compile and transmit the remaining scriptures through various "Vachanas" (recitations and compilations) like the Mathura and Vallabhi Vachanas.
   • Scholarly Tradition: The development of commentaries (Niyukti, Bhashya, Churni, and Tikas) by esteemed scholars like Bhadrabahu, Jinadasa Mahattara, Haribhadra Suri, Maladhari Hemachandra, and Jayacharya is highlighted, showcasing the rich tradition of interpretation and preservation.
   • Other Literary Forms: The text also touches upon post-Agama literature in Prakrit and Sanskrit, including works on logic, philosophy, grammar, poetry, and drama, showcasing the intellectual vibrancy of the Jain tradition.

5. Jainism's Impact on Society:

   • Ethical Foundation: Jainism's emphasis on Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Brahmacharya, and Aparigraha profoundly influenced social ethics and individual conduct.
   • Social Reforms: Mahavir's challenge to casteism, ritualism, and his promotion of equality significantly impacted the social fabric.
   • Art and Architecture: The tradition's aesthetic contributions are evident in its art (paintings on palm leaves, murals) and architecture (temples, caves like Ellora, Ajanta, and structures like the Kirti Stambh).
   • Influence on Other Religions: The text hints at potential influences on other religious and philosophical traditions in the Middle East and India.

6. Sectarian Divisions:

   • Schism: The book acknowledges the eventual division within the Jain community, primarily between the Shvetambaras (who believe in wearing white garments) and the Digambaras (who believe in nudity for ascetics), stemming from differences in interpretation of scriptures and ascetic practices. It notes that the core principles of Ahimsa and liberation remain central to both traditions.
   • Other Sects: It briefly mentions the emergence of other sects and philosophical divergences (Nihnavas) like Bahuratavada, Jivapradeshikavada, Avyaktavada, etc., indicating internal debates and developments within Jain thought.
   • Modern Movements: The text concludes by referencing the emergence of movements like Sthanakvasi and Terapanth, emphasizing their focus on adherence to the original teachings, organizational discipline, and social reform, with Acharya Tulsi and the Anuvrat movement being prominent examples.

Overall Significance: "Jain Parampara ka Itihas" serves as a detailed chronicle of the Jain religion, delving into its philosophical underpinnings, historical evolution, literary heritage, and societal impact. It highlights the enduring principles of non-violence, self-control, and spiritual liberation that have characterized the Jain tradition for millennia. The book underscores the intellectual rigor and devotional depth present within Jainism, presenting a comprehensive picture of its rich and multifaceted history.