Jain Hindu Ek Samajik Drushtikona - Book Summary

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jain Hindu Ek Samajik Drushtikona" (Jain-Hindu: A Social Perspective) by Ratanchand Mehta, published by Kamal Pocket Books, Delhi. The book explores the deep-rooted connections and shared aspects between Jainism and Hinduism from a socio-cultural and religious standpoint.

The central thesis of the book, as supported by various scholars, religious figures (including Munishri Sushil Kumarji Maharaj), and historical evidence, is that Jainism and Hinduism are not separate entities but are intrinsically linked, representing different streams of the same ancient Indian cultural and spiritual river. The author argues that despite superficial differences in practices or philosophical nuances, the core principles and shared heritage of both traditions point towards a fundamental unity.

Here's a breakdown of the key themes and arguments presented in the book:

1. Shared Origins and Philosophical Underpinnings:

Common Roots: The book asserts that many core tenets found in Jainism are also present in Hindu scriptures. The sophisticated development of these principles, particularly in Jain philosophy, is highlighted as unique.
Ahimsa (Non-violence): Jainism's profound and meticulous emphasis on Ahimsa is presented as its ultimate contribution, but the concept itself is deeply rooted in Hindu traditions.
Karma and Rebirth: The principle of Karma and the cycle of rebirth are foundational to both Jainism and Hinduism.
Deity and Philosophy: While Jainism doesn't focus on an creator God in the same way as some Hindu traditions, the book argues that this is a development within Hindu thought, not an entirely new ideology. The author posits that Jainism and Hinduism are like a "bouquet" where diversity exists within the overarching philosophy of "Satyam Shivam Sundaram" (Truth, Auspiciousness, Beauty).
Tirthankara Rishabhadeva: The book emphasizes the mention of Rishabhadeva, the first Jain Tirthankara, in the Bhagavad Gita as "Aadishwar." This signifies a shared revered figure and highlights how both traditions work towards awakening spiritual strength in India. Rishabhadeva is also cited as the fifth avatar of Vishnu in the Bhagavat Purana, further underscoring the connection.

2. Historical Evidence of Interconnection:

Ancient Texts: The book draws upon ancient texts like the Valmiki Ramayana and the Yoga Vasistha to demonstrate the presence and acceptance of Jain ascetics ("Shramanas") during those eras.
- A verse from the Ramayana mentioning offerings to "Shramanas" at a Yajna is cited, implying their integration into Vedic rituals.
- A verse from Yoga Vasistha where Lord Rama expresses a desire to become "like a Vitaraga Jin" suggests a deep familiarity and respect for Jain ideals.
Vedic References: The book points to mentions of Jain Tirthankaras, such as Arishtanemi in the Yajurveda, as evidence of their acknowledgment within Vedic literature.
Shared Practices and Symbols: Numerous examples are provided of shared practices, rituals, and symbols:
- Worship of common deities: Jain temples often feature images of Hindu deities, and vice-versa. For instance, Krishna is depicted in Jain art, and some Jain idols are worshipped by Hindus.
- Rituals: Jain rituals often incorporate elements found in Hindu ceremonies, such as the worship of Ganesha before important events, the use of Swastika and Om symbols, and the performance of marriage ceremonies by Brahmin priests according to Hindu rites.
- Dress and Language: Jain people wear traditional Indian attire, speak Hindi (the national language), and their religious literature is rooted in Sanskrit, Pali, and Prakrit, the ancient languages of India.
- Festivals: Jain communities celebrate major Hindu festivals like Diwali, Makar Sankranti, Raksha Bandhan, Holi, and Vijayadashami with similar fervor and customs.
- Death Rituals: Funeral rites, including cremation, the chanting of divine names, and subsequent rituals, are largely identical for both Jains and Hindus.
- Yajnopavit (Sacred Thread): The book notes that traditionally, Jains also wore the Yajnopavit, signifying a shared Vedic heritage.
- Goshala and Cow Protection: Jain traditions, like Hinduism, hold cows in high regard, and figures like Munishri Sushil Kumarji have actively participated in cow protection movements.

3. Redefining "Hindu": A Broader Perspective:

Geographical and Cultural Identity: The book argues that "Hindu" is primarily a geographical and cultural identifier, encompassing all indigenous Indian spiritual traditions, rather than a strictly religious label tied to Vedic scriptures alone.
Historical Evolution of the Term: The term "Hindu" originated from the Persian pronunciation of "Sindhu" (Indus River), referring to the people living beyond the Indus. Initially, it was a broad term for all inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent.
"Hindu" as a Commonwealth of Religions: Drawing on thinkers like Dr. Radhakrishnan, the book suggests that "Hinduism" is not a single religion but a "commonwealth of religions" that includes various Indian spiritual paths.
Inclusivity: The author strongly advocates for a broad definition of "Hindu" that includes Jains, Buddhists, Sikhs, and others who identify with Indian culture and heritage, emphasizing that this inclusivity is the true essence of Indian identity. The term "Hindu" is presented as a symbol of national identity, not a sectarian creed.

4. Social Harmony and Unity:

Bridging Differences: The author's primary objective is to highlight the underlying unity between Jain and Vaishnav (Hindu) communities, aiming to dissolve perceived differences and foster social harmony.
Mutual Respect and Acceptance: The book demonstrates how, historically and in contemporary times, there has been significant mutual respect and integration between Jain and Hindu communities, with inter-community marriages and shared social participation.
The Role of Scholars and Reformers: The book commends the efforts of scholars and religious leaders who have worked to promote this understanding of unity and integration.

5. Key Contributions of Jainism to Indian Culture:

Ahimsa: The sophisticated articulation and practice of Ahimsa in Jainism have profoundly influenced Indian thought and action.
Anekantavada and Syadvada: Jain philosophy's emphasis on multifaceted truths and relative perspectives contributes to a spirit of tolerance and intellectual breadth within Indian philosophy.
Asceticism and Renunciation: Jainism's strong tradition of renunciation and asceticism aligns with similar values in Hinduism.

In essence, "Jain Hindu Ek Samajik Drushtikona" is a call for recognizing the deep, interconnected spiritual and cultural heritage shared by Jains and Hindus. It argues that by understanding these commonalities and embracing a broader definition of "Hindu" as a cultural identifier, society can achieve greater unity, harmony, and a more profound appreciation of its rich, diverse legacy.