Jain Gaurav Smrutiya

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jain Gaurav Smrutiya," based on the provided pages. Please note that the text is extensive, covering a wide range of Jain history, philosophy, culture, and notable figures. This summary aims to capture the main themes and information presented.

Overall Purpose:

"Jain Gaurav Smrutiya" (Jain Glorious Memories) is a compilation aiming to highlight and preserve the glorious heritage, principles, and contributions of Jainism and its followers. It serves as a testament to the profound impact of Jainism on Indian culture, society, and history, emphasizing its foundational principles like non-violence (Ahimsa) and its philosophical depth.

Key Themes and Sections:

1. Introduction and Publisher's Note (Pages 5-6):

   • The soul of a nation/religion lies in its literature. Jain society's strength and longevity are attributed to its rich literature, welfare-oriented principles, cultural superiority, and liberal spirit.
   • Critique of internal divisions: The text laments the fragmentation within the Jain community due to sectarianism and self-interest, which has hindered the growth and spread of Jain principles.
   • Call for unity and collective effort: It emphasizes the need for the community to unite, pool resources, and actively work towards preserving and propagating its glorious heritage.
   • Acknowledge limitations: The authors acknowledge that due to time constraints, financial difficulties, and paper availability, some topics had to be shortened or omitted, presenting this book as a concise overview.

2. Table of Contents (Pages 7-15): This section provides a detailed outline of the book's extensive coverage, including:

   • Introduction to Jainism: Its philosophical foundations, its place among world religions, and its contribution to Indian culture.
   • Jainism and Archaeology: Establishing its antiquity and originality, predating Buddhism and Vedic traditions.
   • Jain Culture and Principles: Ahimsa, Aparigraha, and other core tenets.
   • Jain Philosophy: Cosmology, creator-based theories, atheism, the nature of the soul, karma, reincarnation, spiritual development, scientific approach, and the originality of Jain thought (Syadvada, Nayavada). It also addresses misconceptions about Jainism.
   • Jainism and Society: Sangha organization, position of women, major Jain communities.
   • Jains in Indian History and Politics: Their significant role across various regions and dynasties (Magadha, Maurya, Kalinga, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Mughal era, Independence movement).
   • Jain Literature and Scholars: Covering the Agamic period, Prakrit and Sanskrit literature, and modern scholars.
   • Jain Art and Pilgrimage Sites: Detailing numerous Jain temples and pilgrimage destinations across India.
   • Ancient Jain Monuments: Stupas, caves, inscriptions.
   • Jains in Industry and Business: Their economic contributions.
   • Sects within Jainism: Digambara, Shvetambara, Sthanakavasi, Terapanth.
   • Prominent Patrons: Acknowledging the financial supporters of the book.

3. Key Philosophical and Cultural Themes (Summarized from pages 17-26):

   • Jainism as a Source of Peace: Jainism is presented as the eternal source of world peace, primarily through its core principle of Ahimsa (non-violence). It champions Ahimsa as the path to true peace in a world plagued by violence and conflict.
   • Spirituality and Self-Mastery: Jainism is a religion focused on the soul's dominion, with spirituality as its bedrock. It transcends materialism to embrace the vastness of inner consciousness, aiming for the highest spiritual attainment through self-effort.
   • The Victorious Path: The "Jin" (conqueror) signifies one who conquers oneself, not others. True victory is internal, and Jainism is the religion of these spiritual victors who achieved ultimate spiritual empires through self-control.
   • Soul's Freedom and Self-Reliance: Jainism champions the soul's inherent freedom and infinite potential. Every soul can become divine through its own efforts, without external dependency. This principle of self-reliance liberates humanity from servitude and inspires the pursuit of ultimate goals.
   • Two Streams of Indian Culture: Shraman and Brahmana:
     • Shraman Culture: Emphasizes self-effort for development, individual responsibility for one's destiny, equality among all beings (no caste or creed discrimination), and self-restraint (Shaman). Its foundation is labor, equality, and peace.
     • Brahmana Culture: Initially based on nature worship and shared ritual, it later became dominated by ritualistic practices, priestly dominance, and the fulfillment of worldly desires through elaborate sacrifices. It's criticized for becoming a "shopkeeping" enterprise where rituals overshadowed the core principles and for promoting caste-based superiority.
   • Jainism's Scientific and Democratic Influence: Jainism's emphasis on logic and reason liberated Indian thought from priestly dogma. Its principles of equality and universal access to spiritual paths challenged the hereditary privileges of the priestly class and fostered democratic ideals in religion and society. It uplifted oppressed sections of society.

4. Jainism's Antiquity and Historical Significance (Pages 29-49):

   • Primacy over Buddhism and Vedic Dharma: The text strongly argues for Jainism's antiquity, predating both Buddhism (founded by Buddha, a contemporary of Mahavira) and Vedic Dharma.
   • Evidence from Archaeology and Texts: It cites mentions of Jain Tirthankaras in Vedic texts and scholarly opinions (like Professor Hermann Jacobi) to support its claim of independence and ancient origins.
   • Tirthankaras as Revivers, Not Founders: Jainism is presented as an eternal stream of principles that undergoes cycles of revival by Tirthankaras, with Rishabhadeva being the first and Mahavira the last in the current era.
   • Lord Rishabhadeva: His role in re-establishing Dharma during a period of decline, teaching basic civilization skills (agriculture, weaving, writing), establishing social order (varnas based on merit), and advocating for spiritual liberation is detailed.
   • Lord Parshvanatha: Highlighted as a historical figure preceding Mahavira by centuries (800 BCE), who vehemently opposed Vedic violence and established the four vows (Ahimsa, Satya, Asteya, Aparigraha).
   • Lord Mahavira: His birth, ascetic life, intense penance (12.5 years), attainment of Kevala Jnana, establishment of the Chaturvidha Sangha (monks, nuns, laymen, laywomen), and his revolutionary teachings against social and religious corruption of his time are elaborated. His emphasis on Ahimsa, Karma, Samyata (equality), and Syadvada is central.

5. Jain Philosophy and Principles (Pages 51-114):

   • Ahimsa as Supreme: Ahimsa is central, extending from abstaining from harming humans to protecting microscopic life forms (earth, water, fire, air, plants). This comprehensive approach to non-violence is a key differentiator.
   • Syadvada and Anekantavada: The doctrine of "perhaps" (Syadvada) and "many-sidedness" (Anekantavada) is presented as the core of Jain epistemology and logic. It advocates for understanding truths from multiple perspectives, promoting tolerance and refuting dogmatism. This is seen as a scientific and rational approach to understanding reality.
   • Karma Theory: A detailed explanation of the karma theory, its types (Ghati and Aghati), formation, effects, and the path to liberation through karma annihilation.
   • Soul (Jiva) and Non-Soul (Ajiva): The fundamental Jain metaphysical distinction. The soul is eternal, conscious, and capable of achieving omniscience and bliss (Moksha) by shedding karmic matter.
   • No Creator God: Jainism does not posit a creator deity. The universe is considered eternal and self-regulating, governed by the laws of karma and the inherent nature of substances. Salvation is achieved through self-effort, not divine grace.
   • Materialism vs. Spirituality: Jainism emphasizes spiritual development over material pursuits, viewing material wealth as transient and a potential impediment to liberation.
   • The Path to Liberation (Moksha): Achieved through the triple gem: Samyak Darshan (right faith), Samyak Jnana (right knowledge), and Samyak Charitra (right conduct).

6. Jains in Indian History and Politics (Pages 307-390):

   • Significant Political Influence: The text details the crucial role of Jains in various Indian kingdoms and empires, often acting as ministers, advisors, and even rulers.
   • Regional Contributions: Specific examples are provided from regions like Magadha, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Malwa, and South India, highlighting Jain rulers (Chandragupta Maurya, Samprati, Kharavela, Kumarpala) and their patronage of Jainism and its culture.
   • Jain Rulers and Ahimsa: It notes how Jain rulers, while being fierce warriors when necessary, often promoted Ahimsa in governance and societal practices.
   • The Role of Jain Ministers: Figures like Bhamashah (supporting Maharana Pratap) and others are highlighted for their political acumen, financial contributions, and loyalty.
   • Jains in the Indian Independence Movement: Mentioning figures like Arjunlal Sethi who actively participated in the struggle for freedom.

7. Jain Literature and Scholars (Pages 391-419):

   • Vast Literary Corpus: Jain literature spans Prakrit, Sanskrit, Apabhramsha, and later regional languages like Gujarati and Hindi.
   • Key Authors: Notable scholars like Shaky am bava, Pujyapada, Siddhasena Divakara, Haribhadra Suri, Hemachandra, Mallavadi, Vidyānanda, Umaswati, and Banarasidas are discussed for their contributions to logic, philosophy, grammar, literature, and religious texts.
   • Agamas: The sanctity and transmission of Jain scriptures (Agamas) are explained, including the division into Angas and Angabahya, and the historical efforts to compile and preserve them.
   • The Importance of Jain Literature for Historical Understanding: The text stresses that understanding Jain literature is crucial for a complete picture of Indian history and culture.

8. Jain Art and Pilgrimage Sites (Pages 455-501):

   • Artistic Legacy: Jain art is lauded for its spiritual focus, meticulous detail, and the expression of peace and renunciation. Specific mentions of intricate carvings, sculptures, and architectural styles are made, particularly at sites like Mount Abu, Ranakpur, and Girnar.
   • Numerous Pilgrimage Sites: A comprehensive list of important Jain pilgrimage sites across India is provided, detailing their historical and mythological connections, prominent temples, and notable features. Examples include Shatrunjaya, Girnar, Mount Abu, Ranakpur, Palitana, Ajmer, Ellora caves, and Sammet Shikhar.
   • Architectural Marvels: The grandeur of Jain temples, especially the intricate marble work at Dilwara temples on Mount Abu, is highlighted as a testament to Jain artistic achievement.

9. Jains in Industry and Business (Pages 525-548):

   • Business Acumen: Jain society is recognized for its strong tradition of entrepreneurship, business skills, and ethical practices.
   • Economic Contributions: Their significant role in India's trade, industry (textiles, mining, banking), and finance is acknowledged, with examples like the Jagat Seth family in Bengal showcasing immense wealth and influence.
   • Philanthropy: The text repeatedly mentions the Jains' renowned generosity and extensive contributions to public welfare, including education, healthcare, and disaster relief.

10. Jain Sects and Internal Diversity (Pages 533-548):

    • Main Sects: Briefly outlines the major branches like Digambara, Shvetambara, Sthanakavasi, and Terapanth.
    • Historical Development of Differences: Explains how differences, particularly regarding ascetic practices like clothing (Sachel vs. Achcel), led to the formation of sects over time, while emphasizing the shared core principles.
    • Social Reforms and Patronage: Discusses how historical circumstances and the need to counter rival traditions influenced certain practices, while Jain patrons continued to support scholarship and art regardless of specific sect.

11. Jainism's Influence on Other Religions and Society:

    • Impact on Hinduism: The text points out the influence of Jain Ahimsa on Vaishnavism and the incorporation of Jain Tirthankaras (like Rishabhadeva) into the Hindu pantheon.
    • Social Equality: Jainism's early advocacy for gender equality and its rejection of caste-based hierarchy are emphasized, contrasting it with the prevailing societal norms of the time.

12. Notable Patrons and Contributors:

    • The concluding pages acknowledge numerous individuals and families who provided financial assistance for the book's publication, underscoring the community's commitment to preserving its heritage.

Overall Impression:

"Jain Gaurav Smrutiya" presents a comprehensive and devotional account of Jainism's rich history, profound philosophy, extensive literature, influential scholars, magnificent art, and significant contributions to Indian society and politics. It aims to instill pride in the Jain community and educate readers about the enduring values and achievements of this ancient tradition. The text is deeply respectful and celebratory of Jain heritage.