Jain Dharmno Prachin Sankshipta Itihas Ane Prabhu Veer Pattavali

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jain Dharmno Prachin Sankshipta Itihas ane Prabhu Veer Pattavali" by Manilalmuni, based on the provided pages and catalog link.

Book Title: Jain Dharmno Prachin Sankshipta Itihas ane Prabhu Veer Pattavali (A Brief Ancient History of Jainism and the Succession of Lord Mahavir)

Author: Munishri Manilalji (Disciple of Pujyashri Mohanlalji Swami of Limbdi Sanghvi Upashray)

Publisher: Jivanlal Chhaganlal Sanghvi, Editor of "Sthanakvasi Jain," Panchbhai ni Pal, Ahmedabad

Overall Purpose: The book aims to provide a concise and ancient history of Jainism, focusing on its origins, key figures, and the lineage (Pattavali) of spiritual leaders, particularly from Lord Mahavir onwards. It seeks to establish the antiquity and superiority of Jainism, drawing upon various scriptures, historical accounts, and scholarly opinions.

Key Themes and Content Areas:

1. Antiquity of Jainism:

   • The text strongly emphasizes that Jainism is an eternal and ancient religion, predating Vedic traditions.
   • It cites evidence from ancient scholars like Shakatayana Acharya, who predated Panini (estimated to be around 2400 BCE), and whose grammatical works contain Jain terminology, proving the existence of Jainism even before the Vedic period.
   • The concept of "Arhant" and "Jin" are discussed as unique Jain titles.
   • The text delves into the concept of cyclical time in Jainism (Avsarpini and Utsarpini Kal) and the role of 24 Tirthankaras in each cycle, highlighting the antiquity of Rishabhdev and the significance of the current cycle with Lord Mahavir as the 24th Tirthankara.
   • It presents numerous references from Hindu scriptures like the Puranas (Shiva Purana, Brahmanda Purana, Prabhas Purana, Skanda Purana), Manusmriti, and Vedas, which mention Rishabhdev (Adinath), Nemnath, and even Lord Mahavir in their cosmological narratives. This is used to support the claim of Jainism's antiquity and its integration within broader Indian spiritual traditions.
   • The author cites opinions of various scholars, both Indian and Western (like Professor Gustav Oppert, Dr. Satish Chandra Vidyabhushan, Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mr. Kanaiyalal M.A. Judge), who acknowledge the ancient and independent nature of Jainism, and its possible pre-Vedic origins.

2. Tirthankaras and their Lives:

   • The book details the lives of the 24 Tirthankaras, starting with Rishabhdev (Adinath) and concluding with Lord Mahavir.
   • Specific details about their parents, birthplaces, lifespans, renunciations, attainment of Kevala knowledge, and eventual liberation (Moksha) are provided.
   • The origin of the name "Bharatavarsha" from Bharat Chakravarti, son of Rishabhdev, is discussed.
   • The text highlights the compassionate nature and teachings of the Tirthankaras, particularly the concept of "Ahimsa Paramodharma" (non-violence is the supreme religion) and its profound impact on Brahmanical traditions.

3. Lord Mahavir:

   • His birth, parents (Siddharth Raja and Trishala Devi), and birthplace (Kshatriya Kundagram) are described.
   • His lineage and the political context of his time (Mithila, Magadh, Videh kingdoms, Lichhavis) are presented.
   • The author highlights the difference between Mahavir and Buddha, emphasizing their distinct philosophies and teachings, though acknowledging their contemporaneity.
   • Details of Mahavir's rigorous penance (12.5 years), his enlightenment (Kevalya Gnan) near the river Jualika, and his first sermon are given.
   • The formation of the 11 Ganadharas (chief disciples) from the learned Brahmins is explained.
   • The text notes the large number of followers during Mahavir's time (estimated at 40 crore) and discusses the subsequent decline in numbers due to internal schisms and external pressures.

4. Development and Sectarianism within Jainism:

   • The book traces the evolution of Jainism, noting periods of decline and revival, and the emergence of different sects.
   • It discusses the origin of the Digambara sect around 609 VE (or 139 VC) attributed to Shivabhuti Muni, contrasting it with the Svetambara tradition. The author leans towards the Svetambara tradition being older, citing scholarly opinions and inscriptions.
   • The debate around the authenticity and compilation of Jain Agamas is touched upon, referencing scholars like H. Jacobi and the impact of different linguistic eras.
   • The introduction of idol worship (Pratima Puja) is discussed as a later development, possibly introduced to retain followers amidst the influence of other devotional practices. The text acknowledges that while the intention might have been good (to prevent conversion to other religions), it later led to deviations from the core principles of non-possession.
   • The rise and fall of various Gachhas (sub-sects or monastic orders) like Lanaka Gachha, Nagari Tapa Gachha, Kharatara Gachha, Tapa Gachha, etc., are detailed through the Pattavali.

5. Pattavali (Spiritual Lineage):

   • A significant portion of the book is dedicated to the Pattavali, tracing the lineage of spiritual leaders from Lord Mahavir through his immediate successors (Ganadharas) and then through subsequent Acharyas.
   • This section provides a chronological overview of key figures, their approximate time periods (often referencing Vir Samvat and Vikram Samvat), and their contributions, such as the compilation and preservation of scriptures.
   • Notable Acharyas like Gautam Swami, Sudharma Swami, Jambu Swami, Prabhava Swami, Shyyambhav Acharya, Kundakundacharya, and Samantabhadra are discussed, along with their respective roles and the development of different Gachhas.
   • The emergence of distinct traditions like the Svetambara and Digambara sects, their historical context, and key figures are outlined.
   • The text highlights the role of prominent figures like Sthulibhadra in compiling Agamas after a famine and the subsequent efforts by Acharyas like Devardhigani Kshamashraman in preserving and codifying the scriptures.

6. Social and Historical Context:

   • The book provides glimpses into the social and political landscape of ancient India, mentioning the influence of kings like Samprati Raja, Chandragupta Maurya, Ashoka, and later figures like Vikramaditya.
   • It touches upon the interactions between Jainism, Buddhism, and Brahmanism, and how Jainism influenced and was influenced by them.
   • The broad geographical spread of Jainism is indicated, with mentions of its influence extending to regions beyond India, such as Central Asia and parts of Africa, based on interpretations of ancient texts and historical evidence.
   • The decline of Jainism in certain regions is attributed to internal schisms, external political pressures, the rise of other religious movements (like Shaivism and Vaishnavism), and a possible dilution of adherence to strict principles over time.

7. Later Reformers and Movements:

   • The text discusses the contributions of later reformers like Lonkashah, Dharmadasji, and Lavji Rishi, who are credited with revitalizing Jainism during periods of decline.
   • Lonkashah's emphasis on a simpler, pure form of Jainism, his opposition to idol worship, and the establishment of the Lonka Gachha are highlighted.
   • Dharmadasji's efforts to reform the Yati system and his critical stance on certain contemporary practices are noted.
   • Lavji Rishi's austerity and his influence on certain monastic orders are also mentioned.
   • The text also briefly touches upon the origin of sub-sects like the "Tehrapanth" and the "Terapanth" tradition.

8. Scholarly Analysis and Evidence:

   • The author frequently cites other Jain texts and the opinions of various scholars to support the claims made about Jainism's antiquity and principles.
   • The text acknowledges discrepancies in historical records and Puranic accounts, particularly regarding the exact timelines of certain figures and events, inviting readers to use their own judgment.
   • There is a notable attempt to address criticisms and counter arguments regarding the ancient nature of Jainism and its relationship with other Indian religions.

Key Features Highlighted:

• Emphasis on Antiquity: The book is dedicated to proving the ancient origins of Jainism through diverse evidence.
• Comprehensive Pattavali: It provides a detailed lineage of spiritual leaders, which is crucial for understanding the continuity and evolution of Jain traditions.
• Interdisciplinary Approach: It draws upon scriptures, historical accounts, inscriptions, and scholarly opinions from various fields.
• Social Commentary: It offers insights into the social conditions and religious landscape of ancient India and discusses factors contributing to the rise and fall of Jain influence.
• Reformer's Role: The contributions of key reformers like Lonkashah, Dharmadasji, and Lavji Rishi are emphasized, particularly in bringing Jainism back to its core principles.
• Schism and Sectarianism: The text addresses the historical schisms within Jainism, such as the emergence of Digambara and Svetambara traditions, and later sub-sects, explaining the reasons and key figures involved.

Overall Tone and Style: The author, Munishri Manilalji, presents this history with a devotional and scholarly tone. While aiming for historical accuracy and drawing upon research, there's also an underlying intent to venerate the Jain tradition and its leaders. The writing style, though academic in places, is also accessible, aiming to educate and inspire the Jain community. The detailed listing of disciples and sub-sects reflects a commitment to preserving the lineage and understanding the historical development of the tradition.