Jain Dharmno Maulik Itihas Part 03 Samanya Shrutdhar Khand 01

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This third volume, "Samanya Shrutdhar Khand 01," of Hastimal Maharaj's "Jain Dharmno Maulik Itihas" (A Fundamental History of Jainism) focuses on the period from approximately Veer Nirvan Samvat (V.N.S.) 1000 to V.N.S. 1475. It is a condensed version of the original work, aiming to make the profound history of Jainism accessible to a wider audience, including the general public and those seeking a concise yet informative account.

Key Themes and Content:

• Historical Period Covered: The volume meticulously chronicles a significant era in Jain history, marked by the rise and evolution of various traditions and the challenges faced by the faith.
• The Bhattarak Tradition: A central theme explored in this volume is the origin and development of the Bhattarak tradition within the Digambar Sangh. It sheds light on important facts and stories related to this tradition that were previously unknown to many within the Jain community.
• Collection of Materials: The research for this volume involved extensive efforts to gather historical information from various sources, including:
  • Museum collections in Mathura.
  • Numerous libraries and knowledge repositories in Rajasthan.
  • Crucially, the extensive and well-preserved collection in the Jalor knowledge repository of the renowned historian Panyas Shri Kalyan Vijayji.
• Analysis of Jain Texts and Sects: The book delves into significant Jain texts like 'Titthogali Paisay', 'Mahanishith', 'Sandroha Dohavali', 'Sangh Pattak', and 'Aagam Ashtottari'. It analyzes the historical context and content of these texts to understand the evolution and deviations within the Jain tradition.
• The Crisis of Shilaachar and the Rise of Deviations: A significant focus is placed on how, over time, deviations entered the original monastic conduct (Shraman Parampara) established by Lord Mahavir. The text details how these deviations, over centuries, led to the establishment of new traditions and practices.
• The Influence of Other Religions and Social Factors: The book examines how external influences, the weakening of tolerance for hardship and asceticism among the populace, and the impact of other religious traditions contributed to changes in Jain practices and beliefs. This includes the adoption of certain rituals and customs from other religions to maintain popularity and attract followers.
• The Role of Prominent Acharyas and Kings: The history is interwoven with the lives and contributions of significant Acharyas like Haril, Bhadrabahu, Mallavadi, Samantabhadra, Jinabhadra Gani Kshamasraman, and others. It also highlights the patronage and influence of various royal dynasties such as the Ganga, Kadamba, Rashtrakuta, and Hoysala, who played a crucial role in the preservation and propagation of Jainism.
• The Decline of Pure Shramanacharya and the Rise of External Worship: The text critically analyzes how the adherence to pure Shramanacharya (the conduct of Jain monks) gradually declined, leading to a rise in external, ritualistic worship (Dravyarchana) over internal, devotional worship (Bhavarchana). The book highlights how the focus shifted from spiritual practices to outward display and material offerings.
• The Role of Locashah and Religious Reforms: The efforts of figures like Locashah are discussed in the context of challenging the existing corruptions and re-establishing the original tenets of Jainism. His work is presented as a significant catalyst for reform.
• The Impact of the Chaitravasi Tradition: A significant portion of the volume is dedicated to the emergence and spread of the Chaitravasi tradition. It details how the Chaitravasi monks, by adopting more convenient lifestyles and offering material benefits, gained popularity and significantly altered the spiritual landscape of Jainism. The book critically examines the ten rules formulated by the Chaitravasi monks, highlighting their deviation from the original Jain principles.
• The Bhattarak Tradition and its Evolution: The text traces the evolution of the Bhattarak tradition through its three distinct phases, discussing its origins, its adaptation to societal changes, and its eventual impact on Jainism.
• The Yapaniya Tradition: A detailed account of the Yapaniya tradition is provided, including its beliefs, practices, and its significant role in South India. The text notes that while the Yapaniya tradition itself has vanished, its scholarly contributions and some of its texts survive.
• The Crisis and Revival of Jainism: The book chronicles the periods of crisis faced by Jainism due to political instability, invasions, and internal deviations. It also highlights the contributions of various Acharyas and kings who worked to revive and preserve the faith.
• The Interaction with Other Religions: The text touches upon the influence of other religious movements and the efforts of Jain Acharyas to counter them and preserve the core principles of Jainism.
• The Role of Royal Patronage: The crucial role of various dynasties like the Chalukyas, Gangas, Rashtrakutas, and Hoysalas in patronizing and supporting Jainism is extensively discussed, emphasizing how their support was vital for the religion's survival and spread.
• The "Great Crisis" of Jainism: The book details the second nationwide crisis faced by Jainism, which began around 700 CE, led by figures like Kumarila Bhatta and Adi Shankaracharya, who significantly challenged and attempted to undermine Jainism and Buddhism.
• The History of Acharya Haribhadra Suri and Others: The volume provides biographical sketches of prominent Acharyas, their philosophical contributions, and their roles in shaping Jain traditions. It highlights figures like Acharya Haribhadra Suri, his transformation from a proud scholar to a devoted disciple, and his efforts to reconcile different sects.
• The Contribution of Scholars and Kings: The book emphasizes the critical role played by various scholars and influential kings and royal families in the preservation and propagation of Jainism.
• Language and Style: The work is characterized by its meticulous research, reliance on historical evidence, and a balanced approach, aiming for objective historical narration. The condensed Gujarati translation is noted for its clarity and accessibility.

In essence, "Jain Dharmno Maulik Itihas Part 03 Samanya Shrutdhar Khand 01" is a scholarly yet accessible historical account of Jainism during a formative and complex period. It aims to illuminate the evolution of Jain practices, the challenges faced by the faith, the contributions of its leaders, and its intricate relationship with the political and social landscape of ancient India, all while striving for historical accuracy and objective presentation.