Jain Dharm Parichay Pustika - Book Summary

Here is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jain Dharm Parichay Pustika" by Gunvant Barvalia, based on the provided pages:

This booklet, "Jain Dharm Parichay Pustika" (Introduction to Jainism), authored by Gunvant Barvalia and published by the Akhil Bharatiya Shwetambar Sthanakvasi Jain Conference, aims to provide a concise introduction to the Jain religion. It acknowledges the difficulty of encapsulating the vastness of Jain philosophy, comparing it to fitting an ocean into a pitcher, but expresses hope that these pages serve as steps towards understanding and practicing the faith.

Core Tenets and Philosophy:

Equanimity and Protection (Samata aur Jayana): The fundamental essence of Jainism is presented as equanimity and careful protection of all life.
The Meaning of "Jin": A "Jin" is one who has conquered inner enemies, specifically the enemies of karma. All souls have the potential to become Jins.
The Navkar Mantra (Page 3): This is identified as the prime mantra of Jainism, described as universal, non-idolatrous, and non-sectarian. It emphasizes bowing to virtues and qualities rather than individuals. The mantra is explained in detail, saluting the Arihants (liberated souls who have conquered), Siddhas (fully liberated souls), Acharyas (spiritual leaders), Upadhyayas (teachers), and Sadhus (ascetics). The mantra is believed to purify the mind, destroy negative emotions, and bring peace. Scientific evidence from an electronic research center in Lonavala is cited, suggesting the superiority of the Navkar mantra in measuring energy.
Ancient Roots and Tirthankaras (Page 4): Jainism is presented as one of India's ancient religions, with an infinite lineage of Tirthankaras (spiritual pioneers). The current era is part of a cycle with 24 Tirthankaras. Rishabhadeva (Adinath), the first Tirthankara of this era, is credited with teaching arts like writing, warfare, and agriculture, and establishing family life. Lord Mahavir, the 24th and last Tirthankara of this era, lived 2600 years ago and revitalized Jainism during a time of religious corruption and violence. The lives of all Tirthankaras emphasize renunciation, virtue, self-control, truth, benevolence, and self-realization for the welfare of oneself and others.
Lord Mahavir's Teachings and Agamas (Page 5): Lord Mahavir's teachings, received by his Gandharas (chief disciples), are preserved in the Agamas. These scriptures were compiled through extensive efforts, with a special mention of their transcription by 500 monks under the guidance of Acharya Devardhigani to preserve this divine heritage due to the diminishing memory capacity of humans. The Agamas are considered the foundation of Jain philosophy, ethics, and thought, offering guidance on achieving liberation through the Triple Jewels (Right Faith, Right Knowledge, Right Conduct).
The Agamas: A Detailed Breakdown (Pages 6-8): The booklet lists and briefly describes the 12 Angas and other categories of Jain scriptures (Upangas, Chedasutras, Mulasutras, etc.), highlighting their diverse content covering topics like self-knowledge, ethics, cosmology, biography, and ascetic practices. The importance of studying the Agamas for dispelling ignorance and illuminating the path to self-improvement is emphasized.
Key Principles: Ahimsa, Aparigraha, Anekanta (Page 9):
- Ahimsa (Non-violence): Central to Jainism, rooted in a psychological basis and considered the essence of the Arhat's teaching. It encompasses respect for all life.
- Aparigraha (Non-possession): The concept of limiting attachment to possessions, which becomes problematic when combined with cruel ownership, desire, and lack of discernment. True non-possession can establish socialist ideals.
- Anekanta (Multi-sidedness): The principle that truth has multiple facets and that understanding another's perspective is crucial for peace. It advocates for tolerance and understanding in all relationships and situations.

Jain Sects and Traditions:

Digambara Tradition (Page 9): Characterized by extreme asceticism, including nudity for monks, living in solitude, taking food while standing, and strict adherence to rituals. Nuns (Aryikas) are permitted to wear a single white garment. The path to liberation starts with Right Faith.
Deravasi (Idol-Worshipping) Tradition (Page 10): This sect builds temples and worships the images of Tirthankaras. They engage in various forms of worship (Ashtaprakari Puja) and celebrate festivals with elaborate rituals. The consecration of idols is a significant event.
Sthanakvasi Tradition (Page 10-11): This sect emerged in the 15th century, emphasizing the spiritual practice over idol worship. They advocate for returning to the core principles of the Agamas and criticize the elaborate rituals and commercialization of religious practices. They emphasize inner worship, contemplation, and self-reflection.
Terapanth Tradition (Page 11-12): Founded by Acharya Bhikshu, this sect emphasizes adherence to 13 core principles, including the Five Great Vows, Five Samitis (careful conduct), and Three Guptis (control over mind, speech, and body). They focus on disciplined practice and have a structured organizational system with a single Acharya.

Asceticism and Religious Practices:

Jain Initiation (Diksha) (Page 13): The process of renouncing worldly life to become a monk or nun. It involves rigorous training in scriptures, languages, and Jain philosophy for several years.
Characteristics of Jain Saints (Page 14): Jain monks and nuns are described as upholders of subtle non-violence, protectors of six-sensed beings, abstaining from night meals, and practicing Keshalunchan (pulling out hair).
Jain Literature Creators (Page 14-15): Acknowledges the significant contributions of various Acharyas and scholars in preserving and expanding Jain literature, listing prominent figures and their works.
Sadhu Dharma and Samachari (Page 15-16): Discusses the principles and conduct of Jain monks and nuns, emphasizing renunciation, adherence to vows, and mindful living. Samachari refers to the code of conduct for ascetics, which is considered a source of purity in the world.
The Twelve Vows of a Shravaka (Householder) (Page 16-17): Outlines the ethical guidelines for lay followers, including vows related to non-violence, truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possession, along with supplementary vows that regulate daily life and conduct.
Festivals (Page 18-19): Jain festivals are categorized as Laukik (worldly) and Loukottar (otherworldly). Loukottar festivals are centered on spiritual growth, austerity, and renunciation. Paryushan Parva is highlighted as the "king of festivals," observed with prayer, lectures, penance, and charity. Ayambil Oli, a nine-day fasting period, is described as a practice of taste victory and spiritual discipline.
Tapasya (Austerity) (Page 19-21): Discusses the importance of tapasya for karma nirjara (shedding karma). It details six external types of tapas (Anashan, Unodari, Vritti Sankshipta, Ras Parityag, Kayaklesh, Pratisevanata) and six internal types (Prayashchit, Vinay, Vaiyavachch, Swadhyaya, Dhyana, Kayotsarga).
Gunasthanaka (Stages of Spiritual Development) (Page 21-22): Explains the 14 stages of spiritual progress, guiding the soul from ignorance to ultimate liberation.
Jain Economics (Page 23): Emphasizes that true wealth lies in ethical acquisition, equitable distribution, and non-attachment to possessions. It contrasts this with modern economics, highlighting the human-centric approach of Jain principles.
Science, Psychology, and Environment (Page 24-25): Jainism's scientific and psychological basis is discussed, including the benefits of practices like fasting, meditation, and yoga for physical and mental well-being. The prohibition of consuming root vegetables is explained scientifically due to the presence of numerous lives. The importance of environmental conservation through principles like not wasting water and respecting all forms of life is also highlighted.
The Concept of Death (Santhara) (Page 25): Jainism views death as a transition, with Santhara (voluntary fasting unto death) being a practice undertaken with spiritual consciousness and detachment, not an act of suicide.
Eight Karmas and Nine Tatvas (Page 26-28): Explains the concept of karma in Jainism, the eight types of karmas that bind the soul, and the nine fundamental principles (Tatvas) that are essential for understanding the path to liberation.
Six Dravyas (Substances) (Page 28-29): Briefly describes the six eternal substances that constitute the universe in Jain philosophy: Jiva (soul), Ajiva (non-soul), Pudgala (matter), Dharma (medium of motion), Adharma (medium of rest), and Kala (time).
Twelve Bhavanas (Meditations) and Four Parabhavanas (Page 30-31): Outlines practices for spiritual development, focusing on contemplating impermanence, seeking refuge in the soul, understanding the cycle of birth and death, and cultivating virtues.
Forgiveness (Kshamapana) (Page 31-32): Celebrated on the last day of Paryushan, this practice emphasizes seeking and granting forgiveness to foster universal friendship and inner peace.
Sanjna (Mental Inclinations) (Page 32-33): Identifies ten mental inclinations that influence the soul's actions, including those related to food, fear, sex, possession, anger, pride, deceit, greed, habit, and tradition. The text explains how these inclinations manifest in different life forms and how they can be moderated through Jain practices.
Parishaha and Upsarga (Page 33-34): Defines and differentiates Parishaha (endurable hardships) and Upsarga (severe inflictions), both of which Jain ascetics are expected to endure with equanimity for spiritual purification.
Prabhavana (Spiritual Influence) (Page 34): Refers to practices that enhance the glory of Jainism, including distributing religious items during festivals and the deeper meaning of realizing the soul's true nature through Right Faith, Right Knowledge, and Right Conduct.
Ratnatrayi (The Three Jewels) (Page 34-35): Right Faith (Samyak Darshan), Right Knowledge (Samyak Gyana), and Right Conduct (Samyak Charitra) are presented as the essential tools for achieving liberation.
The Soul (Atma) (Page 35): Jainism views the soul as eternal, the doer and enjoyer of its actions, with the potential to attain omniscience and liberation.
Kashaya (Passions) (Page 35): The four primary passions—anger, pride, deceit, and greed—are described as root causes of suffering and the cycle of rebirth.
Jiva and Ahimsa (Page 36-37): Reiterates the principle of coexistence and the importance of non-violence towards all living beings. Jain practices, like vegetarianism and protection of animals, are highlighted as expressions of this principle.
Contribution of Jains: The booklet acknowledges the significant contributions of Jains to trade, industry, education, healthcare, and philanthropy in India and abroad.
Jain Education and Research: Mentions the existence of Jain educational institutions, universities, and research centers dedicated to preserving and propagating Jain knowledge.
Jain Organizations and Global Presence: Highlights the diverse Jain organizations operating globally, working for religious propagation, social welfare, and community development.
Gachhadhipatis (Leaders of Sects): Lists prominent Acharyas (spiritual leaders) from various Jain traditions, providing an overview of the lineage and leadership within the faith.
The Author: Briefly introduces Gunvant Barvalia, his background, and his involvement in various Jain organizations and literary works.

In essence, "Jain Dharm Parichay Pustika" serves as a foundational guide to Jainism, covering its philosophical underpinnings, historical context, key practices, and societal contributions. It aims to foster a deeper understanding and appreciation for this ancient religion.