Jain Dharm Aur Vividh Vivah

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jain Dharm aur Vividh Vivah" by Savyasachi, based on the provided pages:

Overall Theme:

The book, "Jain Dharm aur Vividh Vivah" (Jainism and Various Marriages), authored by Savyasachi and published by the Jain Bal Vidhva Sahayak Sabha, is a treatise advocating for and defending the practice of widow remarriage (Vidhwa Vivah) within Jainism. It addresses various concerns and arguments against it, asserting its scriptural permissibility and social necessity.

Key Arguments and Perspectives:

The text is structured as a series of questions and answers, primarily addressing the validity and implications of widow remarriage from a Jain perspective.

• Permissibility and Scriptural Basis:

  • The author argues strongly that widow remarriage does not lead to the destruction of Samyakdarshan (right faith or perfect vision). True Samyakdarshan is defined as the experience of one's true self, which is unrelated to marital status.
  • The text references scriptural definitions of marriage, particularly from Rajavartika, defining it as the acceptance of one partner by another due to the influence of Sata Vedaniya and Charitra Mohaniya karma. This definition does not inherently exclude widows.
  • The word "Kanya" (maiden) used in some scriptural contexts is interpreted to mean a woman eligible for marriage, not exclusively an unmarried maiden. It cites dictionaries and Puranas where "Kanya" is used for women who are already mothers or for divine beings.
  • The author points to scriptural examples of remarriage, even in the context of religious conversion (Dikshanvay kriya), as evidence that remarriage is not inherently un-Jain.
  • The text asserts that widow remarriage is as much a religious practice as virgin marriage, as both involve a degree of attachment and detachment from the opposite sex.
  • The author contends that the absence of explicit mention of widow remarriage in some scriptures does not imply its prohibition, especially if it aligns with the principles of Karananuyog (the branch of Jain scripture dealing with conduct).

• Social and Ethical Justification:

  • The book highlights the social reality that not all widows can maintain lifelong celibacy (Brahmacharya). For those who cannot, widow remarriage is presented as a means to prevent illicit relationships, secret affairs, and abortions, which are considered greater sins.
  • It argues that widow remarriage is a way to grant women their rightful place in society and prevent them from living a life of misery or dependency.
  • The text criticizes the opposition to widow remarriage, suggesting that those who oppose it often engage in visamvadan (deception or obstruction) and thus incur negative karma, leading to births in lower realms.
  • The author suggests that the opposition often stems from a misunderstanding of Jain principles and an imitation of Vedic traditions that do not necessarily apply to Jainism.

• Addressing Objections and Misconceptions:

  • Destruction of Samyakdarshan: The author refutes this by explaining that the underlying karma leading to widow remarriage is Apraatyakhyanavarana Kashaaya, which does not cause the destruction of Samyakdarshan.
  • Karma and Rebirth: It's argued that widow remarriage itself does not cause rebirth in the animal or hellish realms. Instead, negative attitudes and actions associated with opposition to it are more likely to lead to such consequences.
  • Comparison with Adultery (Vyabhichar): A significant distinction is drawn between widow remarriage and adultery. Widow remarriage is presented as a sanctioned act, while adultery is a sin. The former can even lead to a higher accumulation of merit than virgin marriage in certain contemporary circumstances, as it actively prevents greater sins like abortion.
  • Mayaachar (Deceit): The text differentiates between the "mayaachar" of a prostitute and a "kushila" (immoral) widow, arguing the latter's deceit is often more profound.
  • Child Marriage: The book strongly condemns child marriage, stating it is not a valid marriage by Jain standards as it lacks the understanding and emotional maturity of the individuals involved.
  • Impact on Purity: The author dismisses the notion that remarriage compromises purity, arguing that the body itself is impure and true purity lies in the soul's conduct.
  • Social Norms and Progress: The text suggests that while social norms can adapt, they must be guided by true dharma. Unfounded opposition, especially when it leads to greater societal ills, is detrimental. It notes that societies that allow widow remarriage often show demographic growth.

• Historical and Sociological Context:

  • The book draws parallels between historical practices in South India, where widow remarriage was more prevalent, and the arguments presented.
  • It contrasts the situation in North India, where restrictive social norms led to the subjugation of women, with the more egalitarian practices in the South.
  • The author points to ancient texts like Kautilya's Arthashastra, even in the context of a Jain ruler like Chandragupta Maurya, as evidence of socially accepted remarriage practices.

• The Role of "Kalyani":

  • The text includes a letter from a reader named Kalyani, who expresses concern that widow remarriage would tarnish the ideals of women like Sita and Savitri.
  • Savyasachi's response emphasizes that true adherence to ideals is about inner resolve and ethical conduct, not just the absence of remarriage. He argues that the current forced widowhood is a form of servitude, and true adherence to principles comes from choice. He also asserts that the modern context necessitates a re-evaluation of practices to prevent greater sins.

Conclusion:

"Jain Dharm aur Vividh Vivah" is a persuasive argument for the acceptance and practice of widow remarriage within Jainism. It aims to correct misinterpretations of Jain scriptures, address social injustices faced by widows, and present widow remarriage as a pragmatic and ethical solution that can lead to a more just and stable society. The author utilizes scriptural references, logical reasoning, and social commentary to support his position.