Jain Dharm Aur Jatibhed - Book Summary

This book, "Jain Dharm aur Jatibhed" (Jainism and Caste Distinction) by Indralal Shastri, published by Mishrilal Jain Nyayatirth, explores the complex relationship between Jain principles and the concept of caste. The author, a learned scholar, aims to analyze and clarify the Jain perspective on what is commonly understood as the caste system.

The book begins by delving into the etymology of the word "Jati" (caste/birth), asserting that its root meaning is intrinsically linked to "birth" or "origin." The author then contrasts this with the Jain understanding of "Jati" as it appears in their philosophical framework.

Key arguments and themes presented in the book include:

Jain Philosophy and "Jati": The author explains that in Jainism, the concept of "Jati" is primarily understood through the lens of nama karma (name-creating karma), one of the eight types of karma. There are various classifications of nama karma, including those related to life forms, bodies, and sensory organs. The text clarifies that the five types of "Jati" in Jainism are related to the number of senses an organism possesses (one-sensed, two-sensed, etc.). Human beings are categorized under the five-sensed category. The book emphasizes that within Jainism, there is no specific "human caste" as a distinct karmic classification, but rather the concept of "Jati" is a complex karmic phenomenon that influences an individual's birth and characteristics.
Karma as the Determinant: The book strongly posits that karma, particularly nama karma, is the primary factor determining one's "Jati" in the Jain context. Ancient Jain scriptures are cited to support the idea that one becomes a Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, or Shudra through karma, not through arbitrary decree or occupation. The author refutes the notion that karma should be interpreted as merely one's current livelihood or profession.
Nature of "Jati" and its Implications: The text elaborates that even within the broad category of "Panchaindriya" (five-sensed beings), there are countless variations. Similarly, within the human classification (a sub-category of five-sensed beings), there are further distinctions. The author uses the analogy of different animal species (elephants, horses, etc.) within the animal kingdom to illustrate that just as these animals, while distinct, belong to the broader category of "animal," humans, despite their differences, share a common humanity. The author suggests that just as interbreeding is unnatural between different animal species, the concept of what is considered natural or unnatural in human relationships should be considered.
Critique of Superficial Interpretations of Caste: The book criticizes those who claim that caste is solely determined by one's current occupation or way of life. The author argues that if this were true, an individual could change their caste multiple times a day based on their activities, leading to chaos. True "Jati" or "Varna" (social class) is seen as rooted in karmic predispositions rather than transient actions.
The Role of Conduct and Merit: While acknowledging the karmic basis of "Jati," the book also highlights the importance of conduct, virtues, and merit. It quotes scholars like Amitgati Acharya, who emphasize that true nobility or "Brahminhood" is not solely based on birth but also on qualities like truthfulness, purity, asceticism, and knowledge. The author asserts that while birth is a factor, upholding good conduct is essential to maintaining one's elevated status.
The Concept of "Mada" (Pride/Ego): The book discusses the eight types of "mada," including pride in knowledge, lineage, wealth, and "Jati." It clarifies that "mada" is characterized by looking down upon others. The author argues that respecting one's own heritage or lineage is not inherently prideful, but it becomes so when it leads to the disrespect or denigration of others. Analogies are used to explain that having distinctions (like the head and feet of a body) does not inherently imply disrespect, as each part has its own function and place.
Distinguishing "Jati" from "Sampradayikta" (Communalism): The author differentiates between the traditional concept of "Jati" and modern notions of communalism or sectarianism. The text suggests that while "Jati" (as a system of social organization and lineage) has existed historically, misinterpretations and the breakdown of traditional social structures have led to negative societal trends.
Historical and Scriptural Evidence: The book extensively references Jain scriptures, including the Gommatasara, Adipurana, Harivamsa Purana, and works by prominent Jain philosophers like Umaswati, Somadeva Suri, and Amitgati. It also draws upon historical accounts from foreign travelers like Megasthenes and Hiuen Tsang to demonstrate the ancient roots of the caste system in India and its presence in Jain traditions.
The Role of "Bandhan" (Bondage/Restriction): The author argues that "Jati bandhan" (caste restrictions) historically played a role in maintaining social order, morality, and self-control, particularly in controlling sensory indulgence related to food and relationships. They suggest that the weakening of these bonds has contributed to a decline in moral standards.
Marriage and "Jati": The book emphasizes the importance of "Sajatiyata" (belonging to the same lineage/caste) in marriage, arguing that it is more crucial than "Samadharmata" (sharing the same religion or beliefs). The author cites examples and logic to explain the scientific and social reasons for this emphasis on marrying within one's own lineage, highlighting the importance of genetic and cultural compatibility for societal well-being. They also discuss the concept of "Anuloma" and "Pratiloma" marriages, explaining their implications within the traditional framework.
The "Jati" of Jainism: The author asserts that Jainism, as a religion and way of life, is inherently linked to "Jati." They argue that if "Jati" were completely abolished, the unique traditions and practices of Jainism would be lost, similar to how Buddhism struggled to maintain its distinct identity in India. The "Jati" provides a framework for the transmission and preservation of Jain values and practices.
Critique of Modern Interpretations and Western Influence: The book criticizes modern reformist movements that advocate for the complete abolition of caste, often influenced by Western ideologies. The author suggests that such movements, by focusing on superficial equality, overlook the deeper karmic and social implications of "Jati" and can lead to moral decay and the erosion of cultural identity.

In essence, "Jain Dharm aur Jatibhed" presents a nuanced argument for the existence and historical role of "Jati" within Jainism, primarily viewed through the lens of karma. While acknowledging the importance of virtuous conduct and spiritual liberation that transcends earthly distinctions, the author defends the traditional understanding of "Jati" as a fundamental aspect of social organization, lineage, and the preservation of Jain identity and practices. The book challenges those who advocate for a complete eradication of "Jati," suggesting it would lead to a loss of cultural heritage and moral decline.