Jain Dharm Ane Samaj Utakarsh Kem Thay

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jain Dharm Ane Samaj Utakarsh Kem Thay" by Padmanabh S. Jaini, based on the provided Gujarati text:

Overall Theme:

The article, originally presented as an essay competition winner, critically examines the current state of the Jain community and its religion in the context of India's newfound independence. It calls for introspection and reform, urging the community to reconnect with its historical dynamism and adapt to modern challenges to achieve true progress and societal upliftment.

Key Arguments and Sections:

1. Post-Independence Reflection (Page 1):

   • India has achieved political independence, but true freedom for every individual and society hinges on self-improvement and embracing the teachings of great souls.
   • The Jain community, despite India's freedom, is still not truly independent, progress-oriented, or free from the shackles of outdated customs and flaws.
   • There's a disconnect from historical lessons, leading to a lack of progress and adherence to rigid traditions.
   • The author calls for the Jain community to define its place in independent India.

2. Historical Context of Jainism (Pages 1-3):

   • Ancient India's Diversity: India has always been home to various communities (Hindu, Muslim, Parsi, Christian, Sikh, Jain, Harijan) that shaped its destiny. Progressive societies advanced, while conservative ones hindered growth.
   • Jainism's Revolutionary Nature: Historically, the Jain community has been revolutionary in social, philosophical, and cultural spheres.
   • Vedic vs. Shraman Culture: The text contrasts Vedic culture (focused on nature worship, rituals, conquest) with Shraman culture (which existed alongside and sometimes opposed Vedic practices). Shraman culture emphasized introspection, self-discipline, and a move away from ritualistic violence.
   • Key Shraman Principles: Tapas (asceticism), Ahimsa (non-violence), and Karma (action and consequence) are identified as core principles, likely present in rudimentary form even before Vedic times.
   • Roots of Jainism: Jainism is traced back to the Shraman tradition, which also included other sects like Ajivikas and Shaivites. The text suggests that early Shaivism and ascetic practices like those of the Charpatis have roots in this pre-Vedic culture.
   • The Upanishadic Era: The Upanishads marked a shift from ritualism towards philosophical inquiry. While they discussed the soul and universality, they lacked the emphasis on "Maitri" (compassion/universal love) which became central to Jainism and Buddhism.
   • The Rise of Buddhism and Jainism: Lord Buddha and Lord Mahavir emerged in a period of intellectual ferment, challenging Vedic authority and Brahmanical dominance. While Buddha faced greater initial opposition, Mahavir built upon an existing tradition (the Nirgrantha sect following Parshvanath).
   • Parshvanath's Contribution: Lord Parshvanath is considered the historical starting point of Jainism. His emphasis on Ahimsa is highlighted, even in relation to debates about violence in contemporary practices.
   • Neminath's Example: The story of Lord Neminath renouncing his marriage due to the violence involved in animal sacrifice demonstrates the ancient Jain tradition's commitment to Ahimsa.
   • Mahavir's Reformation: Lord Mahavir revived Jainism, rejecting Vedic authority and Brahmanical supremacy. He advocated for a new social order, emphasizing inclusivity and challenging the caste system, though the extent of his opposition to the four-varna system and the concept of "Karma" (as determined by birth vs. action) is discussed with differing scholarly interpretations.
   • Jainism's Distinction: Jainism's refusal to accept Vedic authority, the concept of a creator God, and Brahmanical superiority set it apart from the Vedic tradition. It was intrinsically linked to the Shraman culture.
   • Mahavir's Philosophy: Mahavir didn't introduce entirely new philosophy but refined and applied existing ideas, particularly "Anekantavada" (multi-sidedness of reality) and "Karma," in a constructive way, making them central to Jainism.
   • The Jain Sangha: The community was structured into four groups: monks (Shraman), nuns (Shramani), laymen (Shravak), and laywomen (Shravika). The text details their roles and the evolution of these groups.

3. Jain Community's Strengths and Weaknesses:

   • Historical Influence: The Jain community has had a significant impact on Indian culture, contributing to philosophy, literature, and even political spheres through influential figures and royal patronage.
   • Challenges:
     • Lack of Dynamism and Unity: The community is seen as stagnant and lacking unity, making it unable to adapt to changing times.
     • Attachment to Tradition: While respecting tradition is important, blind adherence without critical evaluation leads to stagnation.
     • Internal Divisions: Sectarianism (Digambara, Shvetambara, Sthanakavasi) and disputes over practices like idol worship and the authenticity of scriptures have weakened the community.
     • Focus on Materialism: A shift towards materialism and business ("Vaishya-vritti") has led to a disconnect from the community's intellectual and spiritual leadership roles.
     • Weakening of Monastic Orders: The article critiques the current state of monastic orders, suggesting a potential for complacency, reliance on societal support, and a lack of proactive engagement in societal issues. There's a call for societal oversight and reform of these institutions.
     • Limited Engagement with Societal Issues: The Jain community, especially its monastic orders, is urged to engage actively in social reforms like education, sanitation, economic development, and addressing social ills rather than remaining confined to temples and rituals.
     • Divergence from Core Principles: The text highlights instances where practicalities or external influences have led to deviations from core Jain principles, such as in idol worship and the interpretation of monastic practices.

4. Call for Action and Reform (Pages 4 onwards):

   • Reconnection with Principles: The Jain community needs to shed its complacency and proactively engage with the modern world, drawing inspiration from its historical dynamism.
   • Importance of Education: There's a strong emphasis on comprehensive education for all, advocating for the consolidation of Jain educational institutions and the establishment of Jain universities. Financial contributions from wealthy community members are crucial for this.
   • Overcoming Sectarianism: The divisions within the Jain community are a major hindrance to progress. The article calls for unity, mutual respect, and a shared approach to scriptures and practices, advocating for a middle ground that respects historical traditions while adapting to modern needs.
   • Active Societal Participation: The Jain community must actively participate in all aspects of national life, contributing its ethical and philosophical insights to address societal problems.
   • Role of Monastics: Monastic orders are called upon to become active participants in societal upliftment, engaging in education, social reform, and contributing to the well-being of the community and nation. They need to be proactive and relevant.
   • The Need for Unity and Purpose: The ultimate goal is to foster unity, a shared vision, and collective action to elevate the Jain identity and contribute to a stronger, more progressive India. The author stresses that progress requires adaptation and shedding of outdated practices and mindsets.

In essence, the article is a passionate plea for the Jain community to awaken from its slumber, shed its internal divisions and traditional rigidity, and actively engage with the realities of modern India. By drawing upon its rich historical legacy and embracing its core philosophical tenets in a practical and dynamic way, the Jain community can achieve true progress and contribute significantly to the nation's development.