Jain Darshan Aur Sanskriti Ka Itihas

This Jain text, "Jain Darshan aur Sanskriti ka Itihas" (History of Jain Philosophy and Culture) by Dr. Bhagchandra Jain Bhaskar, published by Nagpur Vidyapith, offers a comprehensive exploration of Jainism. The book is a deep dive into the historical, philosophical, literary, and artistic aspects of Jainism, presented with meticulous research and critical analysis.

Here's a breakdown of its key themes and content, based on the provided pages:

Core Focus:

The book aims to provide a holistic understanding of Jainism, covering its origins, evolution, key figures, philosophical tenets, literary output, religious practices, and artistic contributions to Indian culture.

Key Areas Explored:

• Historical Background of Jain Culture:

  • Two Streams of Indian Culture: The book posits the existence of two primary streams in Indian culture: Vedic and Shraman, highlighting their fundamental differences in outlook (dependence on God vs. self-reliance, ritualism vs. self-discipline).
  • Meaning of Shraman: It delves into the etymological and philosophical meanings of "Shraman" derived from "Shram" (effort, toil), "Sham" (restraint, pacification), and "Sam" (equanimity, equality), emphasizing the core principles of Jainism.
  • Ancient Historical Roots: It traces the historical lineage from the mythical Kulakars (social organizers) and the concept of "shalaka purush" (illustrious individuals) to the Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic literature, and the significance of figures like Rishabhnath and Mahavir. It also examines potential connections and influences with Vedic and Buddhist traditions, discussing figures like Vatrashana Muni and Arishtanemi.
  • Jain Tirthankaras: The text discusses the historical existence of Tirthankaras, from Rishabhnath to Mahavir, and their role in propagating Jain principles.
  • Syncretism with Other Traditions: It touches upon the adoption of certain deities and practices from Vedic and Buddhist traditions into Jainism, highlighting the dynamic nature of religious evolution.

• Jain Sangha and Sects:

  • Doctrinal Differences: The book explores the origins and evolution of various Jain sects and sub-sects, such as the Digambara and Shvetambara traditions.
  • Monastic Orders: It details the historical development of different monastic orders (Sanghas), including Mool Sangh, Nandisangh, Senasangh, Dravidsangh, Kashthasangh, Yapaniya Sangh, and the Bhattarak system.
  • Sects and Gachhas: It further elaborates on the emergence of various sub-sects and Gachhas (lineages) within both Digambara and Shvetambara traditions, such as Tapagachha, Shthanakavasi, and Terapanthi, explaining their distinct practices and beliefs.

• Jain Literature and Acharyas:

  • Linguistic Evolution: It traces the evolution of Jain literature from Prakrit to Sanskrit, Apabhramsha, and subsequently into various modern Indian languages.
  • Prakrit Literature: A significant portion is dedicated to Prakrit Jain literature, categorizing it into canonical (Agam) literature (Anga, Upanga, Mul-sutra, Chhed-sutra, Chulika-sutra, Prakirnaka) and commentarial literature (Niryukti, Bhashya, Churni, Tika).
  • Sanskrit Literature: It highlights the substantial body of Jain literature composed in Sanskrit, covering various genres like ethical codes, devotional literature, historical narratives, and philosophical treatises.
  • Apabhramsha and Modern Indian Languages: The book acknowledges the contribution of Jain authors to the development of Apabhramsha and subsequently to modern Indian languages like Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, and Kannada.

• Jain Metaphysics (Tattvamimamsa):

  • Nature of Substance (Dravya): It explains the Jain concept of substance, emphasizing its eternal nature with ever-changing qualities and modes (Guna and Paryaya). It discusses the concept of "Sad-dravyalakshanam" (that which has existence, change, and continuity).
  • Causes: The book delves into the concepts of Padarth (substance) and its causes, including Upadan (material cause) and Nimitta (instrumental cause).
  • Comparison with Other Philosophies: It offers comparative analyses of the Jain concept of substance with those of Buddhist, Vedic (Nyaya-Vaisheshika, Sankhya-Yoga, Mimamsa), and Western philosophies.
  • Soul (Jiva/Atma): A detailed explanation of the soul as an eternal, conscious, and independent substance with inherent qualities of infinite knowledge, perception, bliss, and energy is provided. It contrasts this with other philosophical views on the soul.
  • Matter (Pudgala): It discusses matter as a fundamental substance that can combine and transform, forming the physical universe.
  • Karma Theory: A core doctrine, the book explains the nature of karma, its binding, status, fruition, and types, and how it influences the soul's transmigration.
  • Other Substances: It covers the principles of Dharmdravya (medium of motion), Adharmdravya (medium of rest), Akash (space), and Kaal (time).
  • Cosmology (Loka): The structure and nature of the universe according to Jainism are explained.

• Jain Epistemology (Jnana Mimamsa):

  • Sources of Knowledge: It explains the Jain epistemology, focusing on Pramanas (means of valid knowledge) and Nay (standpoints).
  • Pramanas: The book details the two primary Pramanas: Pratyaksha (direct perception) and Paroksha (indirect perception), further categorizing them into various sub-types.
  • Nay: It elaborates on the concept of Nay as different standpoints of understanding reality, emphasizing their role in resolving apparent contradictions.
  • Saptabhangi: A key epistemological tool, Saptabhangi (the theory of sevenfold predication) is explained as a method to express the multifaceted nature of reality from different perspectives.
  • Anekantavada: The foundational principle of Jain philosophy, Anekantavada (non-absolutism or manifold aspects), is discussed in relation to its epistemological implications.

• Jain Ethics (Achara Mimamsa):

  • Shravakachara (Layperson's Ethics): This section details the ethical conduct expected of Jain laypeople, including the vows (Anuvratas), the eleven stages of spiritual progress (Pratimas), and the eight foundational vows (Ashta Mulgunas).
  • Muni Achara (Monastic Ethics): It outlines the rigorous ethical code for Jain monks, including the Mahavratas (great vows), the twenty-eight cardinal observances (Moolgunas), the twelve reflections (Anuprekshas), and the twenty-two types of austerities (Parishahas).
  • S Llekhanā: A significant aspect of Jain ethics, Sallekhana (the voluntary and disciplined process of fasting unto death) is explained in detail, distinguishing it from suicide.
  • Yoga and Meditation: The role of yoga and meditation in spiritual progress is discussed.

• Jain Dharma ka Prachar-Prasar aur Kala (Propagation of Jain Dharma and Art):

  • Spread of Jainism: This section likely details the historical spread of Jainism across different regions of India (North, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bengal, South India) and its influence during various empires and dynasties (Shishunaga, Nanda, Maurya, Gupta, Mughal).
  • Jain Art and Architecture: A significant part is dedicated to the artistic contributions of Jainism, including:
    • Sculpture: Discussing the evolution of Jain iconography and sculptural styles from the ancient period through the medieval era, with examples from Mathura, Udayagiri, Khandagiri, Ellora, and South India.
    • Architecture: Describing Jain temples, caves, stupas, and other architectural marvels across different regions, highlighting stylistic features and patronage.
    • Painting: Tracing the development of Jain painting traditions, including palm-leaf manuscript illustrations, wall paintings, and other forms.
    • Woodwork and Epigraphy: Mentioning contributions in wood carving and the significance of inscriptions and numismatics in understanding Jain history.

• Jain Society and its Systems:

  • Social Structure: It likely examines the Jain perspective on social organization, including the concept of Varna (caste), Ashram (stages of life), marriage, and rituals.
  • Status of Women: The book would likely touch upon the role and status of women within Jain society.
  • Education System: It might discuss the educational practices and institutions within Jainism.
  • Social Significance: The overall social impact and contributions of Jainism to Indian society would be a key theme.

Author's Approach:

Dr. Bhagchandra Jain Bhaskar is lauded for his "thoughtful presentation" (चिन्तनशीलतापूर्वक स्तुत) of Jain culture, history, literature, and philosophy. The book is praised for its "unique discussion of Jain art and culture" (जैन कला और स्कृति का अनूठा विवेचन). The author's approach is characterized by deep study (गम्भीर अध्ययन) and diligent effort (परिश्रम). The book is seen as a valuable contribution to Hindi literature on Jain culture and philosophy, likely to be a standard reference.

Overall:

"Jain Darshan aur Sanskriti ka Itihas" appears to be a monumental work that meticulously covers the vast landscape of Jain traditions. It is a scholarly endeavor that aims to present an accurate and comprehensive picture of Jainism's rich heritage. The detailed table of contents suggests a well-structured and in-depth exploration of each facet of Jainism.