Jagatna Itihasnu Rekha Darshan Part 02 - Book Summary

Here is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Jagatna Itihasnu Rekha Darshan Part 02" by Jawaharlal Nehru and translated by Manibhai B. Desai, based on the provided Gujarati text:

Book Title: Jagatna Itihasnu Rekha Darshan Part 02 Author: Jawaharlal Nehru Translator: Manibhai B. Desai Publisher: Navjivan Prakashan Mandir Publication Date: June 1945 (First Edition)

This second volume of Jawaharlal Nehru's "Outline of World History," translated by Manibhai B. Desai, is a continuation of his historical narrative, originally written as letters to his daughter from prison. The book provides a detailed overview of world history, with a particular focus on India's historical journey within the broader global context.

Key Themes and Periods Covered:

The text is structured into chapters, each covering a specific period or theme, with page numbers indicated for reference. The summary below provides a synopsis of the major points discussed in the provided pages:

Post-Napoleonic Europe and the 19th Century (Chapters 106-108): The book begins by discussing the aftermath of Napoleon's fall and the subsequent Congress of Vienna (1814-15). This conference redrew the map of Europe, largely disregarding the will of the people and national boundaries, and sowed the seeds for future conflicts. The conservative forces triumphed, aiming to suppress liberal ideas. The period is characterized by significant mechanical and industrial advancements, the rise of the working class, and the growing influence of England as a global power. The Industrial Revolution's impact on production, distribution, and transportation, leading to a shrinking world due to improved communication, is highlighted. The narrative also touches upon the rise of nationalism and imperialism, as European powers exploited weaker nations in Africa and Asia for raw materials and markets.
India's Historical Trajectory (Chapters 109-112 & others): The text dedicates significant attention to India's history during the 19th century and beyond.
- British Conquest: Nehru details the gradual but firm establishment of British power in India, detailing how they overcame regional powers like the Marathas, Tipu Sultan, and the Sikhs. The British military superiority, organizational skills, and strategic exploitation of internal Indian divisions are emphasized.
- Economic Exploitation: The book strongly criticizes British policies for the destruction of India's indigenous industries, particularly the textile sector. India was transformed into a supplier of raw materials for British factories and a market for finished British goods. The East India Company's exploitative trade practices and the subsequent British government's policies are analyzed.
- Social and Political Changes: The text discusses the decline of the feudal system in India, the impact of British rule on villages, farmers, and landowners, and the introduction of British administration. It highlights the emergence of a new educated middle class, initially influenced by Western thought and later instrumental in the rise of the national movement.
- The Sepoy Mutiny of 1857: The Great Revolt of 1857 is presented as the final gasp of feudal India. The text describes the widespread discontent, the causes of the revolt, its suppression, and the subsequent transfer of power from the East India Company to the British Crown, marking the beginning of the British Raj.
- The Caste System and Social Issues: The text touches upon the impact of British policies on social structures, including the suppression of progressive movements and the unintended strengthening of conservative elements within Indian society. The influence of Western thought on religious reform movements, like the Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj, is also noted.
- The Rise of Nationalism: The book traces the nascent stages of Indian nationalism, with the establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885. It highlights the evolution of the movement from seeking minor reforms to demanding Swaraj (self-rule).
China and Japan (Chapters 114-118):
- China's Plight: The narrative details the Opium Wars, where Britain forcibly opened China to the opium trade, leading to a devastating addiction crisis and the humiliation of China through unequal treaties. The text describes the subsequent foreign interference, the Taiping Rebellion, and the gradual erosion of Chinese sovereignty. The resilience of Chinese culture, despite political turmoil, is also mentioned.
- Japan's Transformation: In contrast, Japan's remarkable and rapid modernization during the Meiji era (1868-1912) is highlighted. After centuries of self-imposed isolation, Japan embraced Western technology, industry, and military organization, quickly becoming a major world power and an imperial force itself.
The Rise of Germany and Italy (Chapter 127-128): The text discusses the unification movements in both Italy and Germany during the 19th century. The roles of key figures like Mazzini, Garibaldi, Cavour, and Bismarck are implicitly or explicitly discussed in the context of achieving national unity and statehood, often through political maneuvering and warfare.
Darwin and the Victory of Science (Chapter 130): The profound impact of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and the "survival of the fittest" is discussed. It highlights the conflict between scientific advancements and traditional religious beliefs, and how science's triumph changed societal perspectives on life and humanity's place in the universe.
Socialism and Karl Marx (Chapter 132-133): The text introduces the rise of socialist ideas and Karl Marx's critique of capitalism. It explains Marx's theories of historical materialism, class struggle, and the inevitable revolution of the proletariat leading to a communist society. The book notes the influence of Marx's ideas and his major work, "Das Kapital."
The Americas (Chapters 121, 137-138):
- Philippines and US Imperialism: The US acquisition of the Philippines and the subsequent Filipino struggle for independence are mentioned, along with the concept of "economic imperialism" where economic control is exerted without direct political rule.
- The American Civil War: The internal conflict in the United States, driven by economic and social differences, particularly the issue of slavery between the Northern industrial states and the Southern agricultural states, is discussed. Abraham Lincoln's role in preserving the Union and the eventual abolition of slavery are noted.
The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans (Chapter 142): The decline of the Ottoman Empire, often referred to as the "Sick Man of Europe," is detailed. The rise of nationalist movements in the Balkans and the interference of European powers, particularly Russia and Austria, in Ottoman affairs are highlighted. The complex geopolitical situation and the seeds of future conflicts are sown.
World War I (Chapter 146): The book touches upon the causes of World War I, attributing it to a complex web of factors including imperialism, nationalism, and the arms race. The interlocking alliance systems that dragged Europe into a devastating conflict are also mentioned.
Post-War World and India's Struggle (Chapters 156-160): The text covers the immediate aftermath of World War I, the redrawing of Europe's political map, and the rise of new ideologies. The summary of India's situation leading up to the war notes the growing nationalist sentiment, influenced by Western liberal ideas, and the emergence of leaders like Gandhi. The author's personal reflections on prison life and the hope for a better future are woven into the narrative.

Overall Tone and Perspective:

Nehru's writing, even in this historical summary, reflects his deep concern for humanity, his passion for freedom, and his belief in progress. He analyzes historical events not just as a sequence of occurrences but as a product of underlying social, economic, and political forces. The translation aims to convey Nehru's engaging style, making complex historical information accessible to a broader audience. The book is a testament to his commitment to educate the younger generation about the world's past to shape a better future.

The text also reflects a critical view of colonialism and imperialism, particularly concerning India's experience. It highlights the sacrifices made and the struggles endured to achieve independence. The narrative emphasizes the interconnectedness of global events and the enduring human quest for freedom and self-determination.