Introduction To Jainism

Here's a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Introduction to Jainism" by Gunvant Barvalia, based on the provided pages:

Overall Purpose and Scope:

This book, "Introduction to Jainism," authored by Gunvant Barvalia and published by SKPG Jain Philosophical and Literary Research Centre, aims to provide a foundational understanding of Jainism for a broad audience. It acknowledges the complexity of Jain philosophy and presents its core tenets and practices in an accessible manner, akin to offering a handful of ocean water to represent the vastness of the sea. The author emphasizes that true understanding comes through practical implementation and inner spiritual experience.

Key Themes and Concepts Covered:

The book covers a wide array of topics essential to understanding Jainism, meticulously organized into an index. Some of the prominent themes and concepts include:

• Foundational Mantras and Principles:

  • Navkar Mantra: Explained as a paramount and universal mantra, saluting the virtues of the Arihants, Siddhas, Acharyas, Upadhyayas, and all monks. Its power to eliminate sins and bring peace is highlighted.
  • Chattaari Mangalam/Loguttamaa: The four pieties and excellences (Arihants, Siddhas, Saints, and Kevali-professed Dharma) are presented as the ultimate refuges for liberation.
  • Anekantavada: The principle of multi-dimensional viewpoints and tolerance for others' perspectives is explained as a solution to conflicts.
  • Ahimsa (Non-violence): Emphasized as the cornerstone of Jainism, founded on psychological realities and encompassing all living beings.
  • Aparigraha (Non-possessiveness): Discussed in both material and spiritual contexts, crucial for ethical living and socialism.

• Jain Cosmology and History:

  • Antiquity of Jainism: Presented as an ancient Indian philosophy propagated by Tirthankaras.
  • Tirthankaras: The lineage of Tirthankaras, with Lord Adinath (Rushabhdev) as the first and Lord Mahavir as the last of the current era's 24 Tirthankaras, is detailed.
  • Kalachakra: The cyclical nature of time is mentioned.
  • Kalyanakas of Tirthankaras: The five auspicious events in a Tirthankara's life (Chyavan, Janma, Diksha, Kevalya, Nirvana) are described.

• Sacred Texts and Philosophy:

  • Agamas: Identified as the scriptures containing the teachings of Lord Mahavir, compiled by Ganadharas and preserved through tradition. Their importance and the distinction between Shwetambar and Digambar acceptance are noted.
  • Dravyanuyoga, Charana Karmanuyoga, Ganitanuyoga, Dharmakathanuyoga: The four divisions of Jain scriptures based on subject matter.
  • Tatvarth Sutra: A summarizing scripture accepted by all sects.
  • Eight Karmas: Explained as a scientific concept governing the soul's bondage and liberation. The nature and obstruction caused by each of the eight karmas are detailed.
  • Nine Substances (Nav Tatva): The fundamental elements of Jain philosophy (Jeev, Ajeev, Punya, Papa, Ashrava, Samvara, Nirjara, Bandh, Moksha) are listed and briefly defined.
  • Six Dravyas: The fundamental categories of existence (Jiwastikaya, Dharmastikaya, Adharmastikaya, Akashastikaya, Pudgalastikaya, Kaal) are explained.
  • Soul (Atma): Described as the eternal, formless spiritual self, the ultimate goal of Jain philosophy.
  • Gunashthanaka: The 14 stages of spiritual progress for the soul.
  • Bhavana (Spiritual Reflections): The 12 main and 4 special Bhavanas are presented as methods for spiritual purification.

• Jain Sects and Traditions:

  • Sects: The major divisions of Jainism – Murtipujak (Deravasi), Digambar, Sthanakvasi, and Terapanthi – are introduced.
  • Murtipujak (Deravasi): Their temple-centric worship, idol worship, daily rituals, and sub-sects (Gachhas) are described.
  • Digambar: Their rigorous asceticism, emphasis on nakedness, and belief that only males can attain liberation are highlighted.
  • Sthanakvasi: Their origins with Lonkashah, emphasis on non-violence in daily life, and rejection of elaborate rituals are explained.
  • Terapanthi: Their founding by Acharya Bhikshu, adherence to 13 core rules, and structured organization are noted.

• Jain Practices and Observances:

  • Worship (Pooja): The rituals involved, including Abhishek, and the offering of eight types of items.
  • Pilgrimage Places: Key pilgrimage sites like Sammetsikhar, Palitana, and Girnar are mentioned.
  • Diksha (Renunciation): The process of taking vows and committing to a monastic life, including the preparatory studies and renunciatory rituals.
  • Gauchari: The practice of monks collecting alms, with detailed guidelines on proper offering.
  • Shravak (Householder) Lifestyle: The 12 vows of a householder, emphasizing restraint and ethical conduct.
  • Penance (Tapa): The importance of external and internal penances for shedding karmas, with examples like Anshan, Unodari, Vrut Samkshep, Rasa Parityaga, Kaya Kalesh, and Pratisanlinta Tapa.
  • Festivals: Paryushan Parva, Ayambil Oli, and the five Kalyanakas are described as significant Jain observances.
  • Santharo/Samlekhana: The practice of voluntary fasting to a peaceful death.
  • Kshamapana (Forgiveness): The practice of seeking and granting forgiveness, especially during Samvatsari.
  • Jain Diet: Strict vegetarianism and avoidance of root vegetables (Kandamool) are emphasized for purity and compassion.
  • Jain Organizations and Education: The role of various institutions in promoting Jainism, education, and research is highlighted.
  • Jain Literature and Manuscripts: The vast body of Jain literature and its preservation, including international recognition.

• Author's Background:

  • Gunvant Barvalia is introduced as a prominent C.A. and businessman with a deep spiritual inclination. He has authored and edited numerous books on religion, poetry, and spirituality, and actively engages in lectures and seminars both in India and abroad. His wife, Dr. Madhuben Barvalia, is also involved in his literary endeavors.

Underlying Message:

The book consistently reinforces the Jain ideals of equanimity (Samata), non-violence (Ahimsa), non-possessiveness (Aparigraha), and multi-dimensionalism (Anekantavada). It stresses the importance of inner purity and spiritual realization as the ultimate goals, attainable through adherence to Jain principles, practices, and the guidance of spiritual teachers. The book serves as a valuable resource for anyone seeking to understand the rich philosophical and ethical framework of Jainism.