Gujarati Bhashana Dwirukta Shabda Ane Temnu Vargikaran - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary in English of the provided Jain text, "Gujarati Bhashana Dwirukta Shabda ane temnu vargikaran" by Prabhashankar R Teraiya:

This article, "Gujarati Bhashana Dwirukta Shabda ane temnu vargikaran" (Reduplicative Words in Gujarati and Their Classification) by Prabhashankar R Teraiya, delves into the significant role of reduplicative words in the Gujarati language.

The author begins by defining "Dwirukta" as the repetition of a single element or component. This repetition can occur at three levels:

Sentence level: Examples include "ચાલ્યો આવ ચાલ્યો આવ" (Chalyo aav chalyo aav - He came, he came) and "ખોલ મા બોલ મા" (Khol ma bol ma - Don't open, don't speak).
Phrase level: Examples include "સૂડી સૂડીને ઠેકાણે રહી" (Sudi suḍine thekane rahi - the chisel remained in its place), "રાક્ષસ ખાઉં ખાઉં કરતો આવ્યો" (Rakshas khaun khaun karto aavyo - The demon came with a 'eat eat' sound), and "વાંચતાં વાંચતાં રાત પસાર કરી" (Vanchta vanchta raat pasar kari - The night passed while reading and reading).
Word level: The article specifically focuses on this level of reduplication.

The author clarifies that reduplication isn't just about sound but also about meaning. Examples of semantic reduplication include "ધનદોલત" (dhando-daulat - wealth and property), "લાજશરમ" (laj-sharam - shame and modesty), "કાગળપત્ર" (kagal-patra - papers and documents), and "જીવજાન" (jiv-jan - life and soul). He notes that this often occurs when a less familiar foreign word is paired with a more familiar word from the native language to clarify its meaning, a practice Dr. Suniti Kumar Chatterji termed "Translation Compounds."

However, the article excludes these "Translation Compounds" from its primary focus. The core definition of a reduplicative word, as established here, is one where a sound-producing element or component is repeated, not just a sound itself. This distinction is crucial. While onomatopoeic words imitate sounds (e.g., "ટનનન" - tananan), their reduplicated forms like "ટનટન" (tantan) are considered true reduplicatives because the fundamental sound-producing element is repeated.

The article also distinguishes reduplicative words from a phenomenon in Gujarati where the second syllable of a two-syllable adjective might be repeated with a slight change, often for emphasis (e.g., "સાચું-સાચું" - sachu-sachu, "પાકું-પાકું" - paku-paku). These are seen as stylistic variations rather than true reduplicative words.

The author then critically examines previous classifications of reduplicative words by scholars like Kamlashankar Trivedi, Narsinhrao Divetia, Navalram Trivedi, and S. M. Katre, finding them often illogical and unscientific due to a lack of clarity regarding levels (sentence vs. word), sound vs. meaning, and systematic organization.

Kamlashankar Trivedi: His classification is criticized for lacking a clear definition and a systematic basis for his seven types, with examples sometimes being unrelated to the definitions. He also failed to differentiate between sentence, phrase, and word-level reduplications and between sound and meaning reduplication.
Narsinhrao Divetia: He categorizes words he calls "yugmachari shabdo" (paired words), distinguishing them from words like "ઘોડોલોડો" (ghodo-lodo - horse and the like). He proposes three classes: (1) first component with some modification, (2) second component with some modification, and (3) both components meaningful. While his second class clearly represents reduplicatives, his overall approach is deemed unsuitable for the article's focus due to its emphasis on "etc." meaning.
Navalram Trivedi: Building on Narsinhrao's work, he refines the categories, particularly the third one, into three sub-types based on repetition of the same word, words with the same meaning, and words with similar meanings. He also introduces a fourth category for words where individual components are meaningless but gain meaning when combined. The author points out that Navalram's classification also suffers from ambiguity and subjectivity in meaning, and many examples aren't true reduplicatives.
S. M. Katre: His classification is praised for its meticulousness and focus on the form and function of reduplications, based on modern linguistic principles. He proposes four main categories: (1) Onomatopoeic words with repetition of letters or letter groups, (2) Noun-based, adjective-based, pronoun-based, etc., words with repetitive structures, (3) Rhyming words where both components are meaningful, and (4) Echo words where one component is meaningful. The author acknowledges the scientific basis of Katre's approach and sees it as largely adhering to the principles he intends to follow.

The article then proposes its own classification of Gujarati reduplicative words, based on their formation, form, and meaning:

Repetitive or Iterative Reduplicative Words:
- Without conjunctions:
  - Exact repetition of the root component (e.g., એકએક - ek-ek, ફરીફરી - fari-fari).
  - With the final part of the root component omitted (e.g., કેટકેટલું - ketketlu, આપઆપણું - aap-aapnu).
- With conjunctions:
  - With "-ā" conjunction (e.g., મારામારી - maramari, ખેંચાખેંચી - khencha-khenchi).
  - With "-e" conjunction (e.g., કાનેકાન - kane-kaan, ગામેગામ - game-gaam).
  - With "-o" conjunction (e.g., અડધોઅડધ - ardho-ardhad, નજરોનજર - najaro-najar).
  - With nasal suffix (anuswar) conjunction (e.g., કૂદાકૂદ - kudakud, દોદોડ - dodod).
Onomatopoeic Reduplicative Words:
- Exact repetition of components:
  - Without conjunctions (e.g., ખટખટ - khat-khat, ઘરઘર - ghar-ghar).
  - With conjunctions (e.g., કચાકચ - kachakach, ટપોટપ - tapotap).
- With partial change in components: (Onomatopoeic root but rhyming between components, e.g., ખળભળ - khalabhal).
Rhyme-Forming Reduplicative Words:
- Both components prevalent or meaningful (e.g., બન્યુંજવું - banyu-juvu, રહ્યુંસહ્યું - rahyu-sahyu).
- One component prevalent/meaningful, the other an echo/jingle:
  - Echo component at the end:
    - With "b" sound replacing other consonants (e.g., ઘરબર - ghar-bar).
    - With vowel changes in the initial letter (e.g., અદ્ધર પદ્ધર - oddhar-paddhar, વાસણસણ - vasan-sasan).
  - Echo component at the beginning:
    - Without conjunctions (e.g., આડોશી પાડોશી - adoshi-padoshi, અડીદડી - adi-dadi).
    - With conjunctions (e.g., અદલાબદલી - adala-badali).

The article concludes by emphasizing that each formation has its tradition and history, and the classification can be further divided into these sub-categories, ultimately stemming from three main divisions. The author's aim is to provide a systematic classification based on the formation, form, and meaning of these reduplicative words.