Duniyano Sauthi Prachin Dharm

This is a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Duniyano Sauthi Prachin Dharm" (The World's Most Ancient Religion) by Sakarchand Manikchand Ghadiali, based on the provided pages:

Overall Purpose and Theme:

The book, "Duniyano Sauthi Prachin Dharm," aims to establish and demonstrate that Jainism is the oldest religion in the world. It seeks to prove this through historical accounts, philosophical arguments, scientific evidence, and the comparative study of religions. The author also highlights the inherent virtues and principles of Jainism, particularly non-violence (ahimsa), and criticizes the perceived inertia and shortcomings within the Jain community itself, urging for greater propagation of their faith.

Key Arguments and Content Covered (Based on the Provided Pages):

• Introduction and Author's Motivation:

  • The book begins by emphasizing the universal quest for truth and the right to pursue it.
  • The author, Sakarchand Manikchand Ghadiali, dedicates the book to his elder brother, expressing gratitude for his support in enhancing his knowledge, acknowledging the intellectual legacy of his late father.
  • The author's personal motivation stems from a discussion about Jainism's antiquity with Rev. Dr. Satkan, a missionary and former Vice-Chancellor of Bombay University, which spurred him to gather and present evidence.

• Rejection of Jainism as a Modern or Branch Religion:

  • The text addresses and refutes the misconception that Jainism is a modern religion or a branch of Buddhism.
  • It highlights the historical shift in academic opinion, citing scholars like Max Müller and Professor Manilal Nabhoobhai initially suggesting a connection to Buddhism, but later revising their views based on further research.
  • The author emphasizes that prominent European scholars (De Louvrier, Dr. Buhler, M. Clouet, Dr. Hoernle) and Indian scholars have supported Jainism's independent and ancient origin.
  • The text stresses that the principles of Jainism are not derived from Buddhism, refuting the claim that Lord Mahavir was merely another name for Buddha.

• Evidence for Jainism's Antiquity:

  • Scriptural Evidence: Jain scriptures are cited to prove that their Tirthankaras existed for millions of years and preached an eternal Jain dharma.
  • Historical Figures: The text mentions that many historical figures, including Krishna Vasudev, Ram, Ravana, the Pandavas, the Kauravas, and King Kumarpal, were followers of Jainism. Hemchandracharya's role in revitalizing Jainism during King Kumarpal's reign is also highlighted as an example.
  • Scholarly Recognition: The author references contemporary scholars and figures like Mrs. Annie Besant, who acknowledge the antiquity of Jainism.

• Critique of Jain Community's Passivity:

  • The author expresses disappointment with the Jain community's perceived apathy and lack of effort in disseminating knowledge about their ancient religion.
  • He criticizes scholars and monks for not actively promoting Jainism, especially in the current era where other communities are advancing in various fields.
  • The text warns that this negligence leads to the erosion of their heritage, with their religious tenets being misunderstood or stolen.

• The Nature and Value of Dharma:

  • The book emphasizes that dharma (religion) is the most valuable possession, surpassing wealth, status, family, or possessions.
  • It acknowledges that people have sacrificed their lives for dharma, demonstrating its profound importance.

• Addressing Misconceptions and Criticisms:

  • The author lists several misconceptions held by other religions about Jainism, including:
    • Jainism being a branch of Buddhism.
    • Jainism originating around 500 CE.
    • Lord Vishnu incarnating as a Tirthankara to revive dharma.
    • Jainism being founded by Suran Machhander.
    • Jainism being exclusively for traders (Vaishyas) or lay followers.
    • Jainism being a "dead" religion or a sectarian offshoot.
    • Criticisms regarding hygiene (bathing, dental care) and the worship of nude idols.
  • The author asserts that these misconceptions arise from ignorance and a lack of proper investigation into Jain principles.

• The Kshatriya Origin of Jainism:

  • The text strongly asserts that Jainism was not founded by Brahmins or Vaishyas but by Kshatriya kings.
  • It highlights that the first Tirthankara, Rishabhadeva, was a Kshatriya king, and all subsequent Tirthankaras were also from noble Kshatriya lineages.
  • This directly counters the narrative that Jainism is a religion primarily associated with a specific caste (like traders).

• The Core Principles of Jainism:

  • The author describes Jainism as the religion of non-violence (ahimsa), emphasizing compassion for all living beings, including insects and animals.
  • The core teaching is to cause no harm to any creature, to abstain from killing, and to treat all living beings with sympathy and kindness.
  • The text emphasizes that human life should be lived with purpose, morality, justice, and kindness.

• The Concept of Time and Creation:

  • Chapter 1: The Beginning of the Universe and Religion:

    • Discusses the concept of time in relation to the universe and religion, suggesting that the universe is eternal and without a beginning.
    • Explores various scientific and philosophical perspectives on the origin of the universe, including those from Western scholars (Darwin, Lord Kelvin), ancient Indian texts (Vedas, Puranas), and Jain scriptures.
    • Jain scriptures divide time into two cycles: Avsarpini (descending) and Utsarpini (ascending), each with six stages.
    • The text cites numerous examples from astronomy, geology, and history to support the idea of an immensely ancient universe, contradicting creationist views of a few thousand years.
    • It argues against the idea of a creator God, analyzing logical inconsistencies and the presence of suffering and imperfections in the world if such a being were the creator.
    • Jain philosophy posits that the universe is governed by inherent principles (time, nature, destiny, karma, effort) rather than a divine creator.

  • Chapter 2: Rishabhadeva, the First Tirthankara:

    • Details the birth and life of Rishabhadeva (Adinath), the first Tirthankara.
    • Describes the societal conditions of that era, where people lived in harmony with nature and received sustenance from the Kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling trees).
    • Explains the origin of justice, law, and kingship through the development of societal structures and the need for dispute resolution.
    • Outlines the lineage of the seven Kulakaras (ancestors) and their role in societal development.
    • Details the introduction of marriage, the arts, sciences, crafts, and various societal functions by Rishabhadeva.
    • Explains the origin of the names "Bharat" (from Bharat, Rishabhadeva's son) and "Bharatvarsha" (India).
    • Discusses the establishment of the Ikshvaku and Kashyap lineages.
    • Highlights Rishabhadeva's attainment of Kevala Jnana (omniscience) and his role in spreading the Jain dharma.
    • Explains the symbolic meaning behind the name "Rishabhadeva" (bull).

  • Chapter 3: King Bharata and Bahubali:

    • Narrates the story of Rishabhadeva's 100 sons, focusing on the conflict between his eldest son, Bharata, and his younger son, Bahubali, over dominion.
    • Details Bharata's ambition to become a Chakravarti (universal ruler) and his invasion of Bahubali's kingdom.
    • Illustrates the concept of dharma and detachment through the sons' decision to renounce worldly possessions and embrace asceticism after witnessing the futility of their conflict.
    • Describes the symbolic "eye-battle" and "arm-battle" between Bharata and Bahubali, culminating in Bahubali's victory and subsequent renunciation of his kingdom.
    • Bahubali's deep spiritual realization and attainment of Kevala Jnana are described.
    • The text emphasizes the importance of detachment from worldly desires and the ultimate superiority of spiritual pursuit over material possessions.

  • Chapter 4: The Four Vows and the Origin of Brahmanas:

    • Explains the foundational principles of Jainism: Samyak Jnana (Right Knowledge), Samyak Darshan (Right Faith), and Samyak Charitra (Right Conduct).
    • Discusses the various categories of souls and their complex classifications as found in Jain scriptures.
    • Details the concept of Karma and its role in the cycle of birth and death, outlining different types of Karma (Ghatiya and Aghatiya Karma) and their effects.
    • Explains the origins of the four Vedas and their distortion by Brahmins due to the loss of Jain scriptures and the influence of materialistic desires.
    • Traces the lineage of the Sun Dynasty and Moon Dynasty, connecting them to Jain Tirthankaras.
    • Critiques the concept of a creator God as presented in other religions, highlighting logical inconsistencies and the Jain perspective on an eternal, uncreated universe.
    • Discusses the "agya" (command) of deities and their limitations compared to the omniscience of Jain Tirthankaras.

• Jain Godhead (Parmeshwar):

  • The text defines the Jain concept of Parmeshwar (Supreme Being) not as a creator God but as an omniscient, omnipotent, and liberated soul who has attained perfection.
  • It details the 18 specific defects (doshas) that a true Parmeshwar would not possess, such as desire, hatred, ignorance, sleep, illusion, attachment, speech impediments, and physical limitations.
  • Conversely, it outlines the 4 cardinal virtues that a Jain Parmeshwar does possess: infinite knowledge (Kevala Jnana), infinite perception (Kevala Darshan), infinite power (Ananta Virya), and infinite bliss (Ananta Sukha).
  • The text emphasizes that Jain Tirthankaras are liberated souls who have achieved this divine state through their own efforts and adherence to virtuous conduct.

• Comparative Theology:

  • The author consistently draws comparisons between Jainism and other major religions, highlighting Jainism's antiquity and unique philosophical standpoints.
  • The text criticizes other religious traditions for attributing human-like emotions, flaws, and desires to their deities, arguing that this contradicts the concept of a truly perfect and supreme being.

• Jain Scriptures and Practices:

  • The book cites various Jain scriptures and their explanations for concepts like the creation of the universe, the nature of souls, and the process of liberation.
  • It highlights the strict ethical code of Jain monks and nuns, emphasizing their rigorous practices of non-violence, detachment, and austerity.

Overall Tone and Impact:

The book is written with a strong conviction in Jainism's supremacy and antiquity. The author adopts a persuasive and argumentative tone, aiming to educate, refute opposing viewpoints, and inspire the Jain community to be more proactive in preserving and propagating their faith. The detailed explanations of Jain philosophy, history, and cosmology demonstrate the author's deep knowledge and commitment to the subject.