Drushtivad Ka Swarup

Here is a comprehensive summary in English of the provided Jain text on "Drushtivad ka Swarup" by Hastimal Maharaj:

The document, titled "Drushtivad ka Swarup" (The Nature of Drushtivad) authored by Acharya Pravar Shri Hastimal Ji M.S.A., is a concise introduction to Drushtivad, the twelfth Anga (limb) of the Jain Agamas. The article is a reprint from the author's work, "Jain Dharma ka Maulik Itihas, Bhag-2" (The Fundamental History of Jainism, Part 2).

What is Drushtivad?

Drushtivad, also referred to as Ditthivada, Drushtipad, or Drushtipat, is the twelfth Anga of the Agamas, originating from the words of the Pravachan Purush (the enlightened preacher). It is described as the scripture that expounds upon all philosophies and perspectives (Nayas) of the world or, alternatively, the scripture that elaborates on correct views (Samyaktva) and other types of perspectives.

The Loss of Drushtivad:

The text emphasizes that Drushtivad is currently unavailable or lost. Its decline began after the passing of Shrutakevali Acharya Bhadrabahu in Veer Nirvana Samvat 170. By Veer Nirvana Samvat 1700, it had become completely lost in its textual form, with only a partial understanding remaining.

Names of Drushtivad:

The Sthananga lists ten different names for Drushtivad:

1. Drushtivad
2. Hetuvad (Doctrine of Causation)
3. Bhootvad (Doctrine of Existence)
4. Tathvad (Doctrine of Reality/Truth)
5. Samyakvad (Doctrine of Correctness)
6. Dharmavad (Doctrine of Dharma)
7. Bhashavichay or Bhashavijay (Discussion of Language)
8. Purvagata
9. Anuyogagata
10. Sarvaprana-bhutajivasattvasukhavaha (Beneficial to all life, beings, souls, and existences)

Five Divisions of Drushtivad:

According to the Samvayanga and Nandisutra, Drushtivad was divided into five main sections:

1. Parikarma: This section dealt with the science of script (lipivigyan) and complete mathematics.
2. Sutra: This division discussed different analytical perspectives or Nayas. It mentions the "Chhinnachhed Naya" and "Chaturnaya" as being followed by the Nirgranthas (ascetics), while "Achhinnachhedanaya" and "TrikNaya" were followed by the Ajivikas.
3. Purvagata: This is considered the largest and most significant division of Drushtivad. It comprised fourteen Purvas (ancient texts), each dealing with specific philosophical and scientific topics.
4. Anuyoga: This section is described as a repository of vast and important material, comparable to the ancient history of Jainism or Jain Puranas. It had two main branches:
   • Prathmanuyoga: Detailing the five auspicious events (Panchkalyanakas) of the Arhats.
   • Gandikanuyoga: Chronicling the lives of great personalities like Kulkaras, Chakravartis, Baladevas, Vasudevas, and Prativassadevas. In the Digambara tradition, this section is generally known as Prathmanuyoga.
5. Chulika: This section encompassed the "Chulikas" or supplementary texts associated with the first four Purvas, as mentioned in the Samvayanga and Nandisutra. The Digambara tradition, however, identifies five types of Chulikas: Jalagata (water-related), Sthalagata (land-related), Mayagata (illusion-related), Rupagata (form-related), and Akashagata (space-related).

Details of the Fourteen Purvas (Third Division):

The text then elaborates on the contents of the fourteen Purvas:

1. Utpadapurva: Described the origin (utpad) of all substances (dravya) and their modes (paryaya). Its length was 1 crore (10 million) verses.
2. Agraayanīyapurva: Described the supreme measure or limit (agraparimana) of all substances, modes, and specific beings. Its length was 69 lakh (6.9 million) verses.
3. Viryapravada: Described the special energetic powers (viryashakti) of sentient and non-sentient beings, both bound by karma (sakarma) and free from it (nishkrama). Its length was 70 lakh (7 million) verses.
4. Astitinastipravada Purva: Discussed the existence and non-existence of things, the existence of substances like Dharmastikaya, the non-existence of things like sky-flowers (khapuspa), and the existence of a substance in its own form and non-existence in another's form. Its length was 60 lakh (6 million) verses.
5. Jnanapravada Purva: Extensively described the five types of knowledge (mati, shruta, etc.) and their sub-classifications. Its length was 1 crore (10 million) verses.
6. Satya Pravada Purva: Described truthful speech (satyavachana) or restraint (samyama) in detail, along with the nature of falsehoods. It contained 1 crore and 6 verses.
7. Atmā Pravāda Purva: Described the nature of the soul, its pervasiveness, its role as a knower (jnātrbhāva), and experiencer (bhoktapana) from the perspective of various Nayas. It contained 26 crore (260 million) verses.
8. Karmapravada Purva: Extensively described the eight karmas (jnānāvaraniya, etc.), their types, durations, strengths, quantities, and the different kinds of karmic bondage. Its length was 1 crore and 80 thousand verses.
9. Pratyakhyana Pravada Purva: Described renunciation (pratyakhyana) with its sub-divisions and also laid down rules of conduct. It contained 84 lakh (8.4 million) verses.
10. Vidyānudada Purva: Described various potent sciences (vidyas) and sub-sciences (upavidyas) with their methods of practice. This included 700 minor sciences like Angushtha Prashna, 500 major sciences like Rohini, and methods for predicting the future through eight categories of omens (antariksha, bhauma, anga, swara, swapna, lakshana, vyanjana, and chhinnā). Its length was 1 crore 10 lakh (11 million) verses.
11. Avandhyapurva: The term "vandhya" means fruitless, and "avandhya" means unfailing or potent. This Purva explained that good deeds like knowledge and penance yield auspicious results, while negligence and bad deeds yield inauspicious results. The fruits of good and bad karma are unfailing. Its length was 26 crore (260 million) verses.
    • Digambara Tradition's View: In the Digambara tradition, the eleventh Purva is called Kalyanavada Purva. It is believed to have described the conception ceremonies of Tirthankaras, Chakravartis, Baladevas, Vasudevas, and Prativassadevas, the sixteen sentiments and penances that lead to earning Tirthankar-namakarma, eclipses of the sun and moon, the influence of planets and stars, omens, and their auspicious/inauspicious results. Its verse count is also considered to be 26 crore (260 million).
12. Prāṇāyu Purva: According to the Shvetambara tradition, this Purva described life-span (ayu) and vital breaths (prana) with their sub-divisions.
    • Digambara Tradition's View: In the Digambara tradition, it is believed to have described the eight branches of Ayurveda (kayachikitsa being prominent), the classifications of Ayurveda, the vital breaths like Ila and Pingala, various elements like earth, water, fire, air, the ten vital breaths, substances, and their beneficial and detrimental aspects.
    • Verse Count: The Shvetambara tradition states its length as 1 crore 56 lakh (15.6 million) verses, while the Digambara tradition states it as 13 crore (130 million) verses.
13. Kriyāviśāla Purva: Extensively described musicology, prosody, rhetoric, the 72 arts of men, the 64 arts of women, 84 types of crafts, sciences, physical actions like conception, and spiritual actions like right faith (samyagdarshan), salutation of ascetics, and daily rituals. Due to its extensive coverage of both worldly and transcendental actions, it was a very large scripture. Both Shvetambara and Digambara traditions attribute 9 crore (90 million) verses to it.
14. Lokabindusāra: Described all worldly and other-worldly sciences and special accomplishments like "Sarvākṣara sannipāta," which impart complete knowledge. The name signifies the essence of all knowledge, like a dot (bindu) on the world (loka), and is also called Trilokabindusara. Both Shvetambara and Digambara traditions state its length as 12.5 crore (12.5 million) verses.

Vastu (Sections) and Chulikas:

The text also mentions the number of "Vastu" (sections or divisions within a Purva) for the fourteen Purvas as 10, 14, 8, 18, 12, 2, 16, 30, 20, 15, 12, 13, 30, and 2, respectively.

Furthermore, it is stated that the first four Purvas had 4, 12, 8, and 10 "Chulikas" respectively. The remaining ten Purvas did not have associated Chulikas. Chulikas are described as being supreme, like the peak of a mountain in relation to the rest of the mountain.

Conclusion:

The document provides a detailed overview of Drushtivad, its constituent parts, and the vast knowledge it contained, highlighting its significance as the twelfth Anga of the Jain Agamas, despite its current unavailability. It also points out some differences in the understanding and categorization between the Shvetambara and Digambara traditions regarding certain Purvas and their classifications.