Dohro

This Jain text, titled "Dohro" and authored by an unknown individual, published by ZZZ Unknown, and cataloged at jainqq.org, is a detailed exposition of Jain principles, particularly focusing on the five great vows (Mahavratas) for ascetics. The text originates from Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar in Umara, Surat.

The core of the text revolves around explaining and elaborating on the five Mahavratas and the associated conduct expected of Jain monks and nuns. It delves into the strict adherence required for each vow, emphasizing the principles of non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness (satya), non-stealing (asteya), chastity (brahmacharya), and non-possession (aparigraha).

Here's a breakdown of the key themes and teachings:

1. The Concept of "Terapanth":

• The text begins by explaining "Terapanth" as the path followed by those who perfectly observe the five Mahavratas, five Samitis (careful conduct in speech, body, food, etc.), and three Guptis (control over mind, speech, and body).
• "Terapanth" is translated as "your path," signifying submission to the divine will and the path prescribed by the Lord. It is presented as a universal and impartial path.

2. Detailed Explanation of the Five Mahavratas:

• Ahimsa (Non-violence): This is presented as the paramount vow. The text meticulously explains how to observe Ahimsa by refraining from harming any living being (six categories of souls - Ekendriya to Trasakaya) through one's own actions, by instigating others, or by approving such actions. It emphasizes the idea that monks are like fathers to all living beings and should not cause harm. The text also addresses the philosophical point that even single-sensed beings experience pain similarly to multi-sensed beings, despite perceived differences in sensory perception.

• Satya (Truthfulness): Monks are instructed to speak only truthful and beneficial language, avoiding falsehoods even in critical situations, such as misleading a hunter about a deer. Silence is advised if speaking the truth would lead to harm.

• Asteya (Non-stealing): This vow extends to not taking anything without permission. The text clarifies that this includes inanimate objects as well as living beings, such as taking disciples without the consent of their parents. It also emphasizes the need for proper vetting and knowledge of Jain principles before initiating someone into monastic life.

• Brahmacharya (Chastity): The text stresses the absolute renunciation of sensual pleasures. It advises monks to avoid even speaking with solitary women, regardless of their age or condition, to prevent suspicion and maintain purity. It also touches upon the importance of maintaining discipline in eating and drinking to uphold this vow.

• Aparigraha (Non-possession): This vow involves the renunciation of all possessions. The text details various forms of possession, including wealth, grains, land, clothing, books, and even basic necessities like postal cards and stamps, explaining why monks must abstain from them. It highlights the potential for attachment and the resulting transgression of vows. The text also discusses the proper conduct regarding dwelling places and the strict rules for accepting alms.

3. The Five Samitis and Three Guptis:

• Beyond the Mahavratas, the text outlines the importance of the five Samitis:
  • Irya Samiti: Mindful walking, observing the path ahead.
  • Bhasha Samiti: Speaking thoughtfully and truthfully.
  • Aishana Samiti: Careful selection of food and other necessities.
  • Adana Bhanda Nikshepana Samiti: Careful handling and placement of belongings.
  • Uchhara Parsavana Samiti: Proper disposal of bodily waste.
• It also details the three Guptis:
  • Managupti: Control of the mind.
  • Vachanagupti: Control of speech.
  • Kayagupti: Control of the body.

4. Criticisms of Improper Practices:

• A significant portion of the text is dedicated to refuting practices that deviate from the strict interpretation of Jain monastic discipline. This includes:
  • Misinterpreting scriptures to justify actions that violate vows.
  • Engaging in activities that indirectly cause harm to living beings.
  • Accepting or encouraging the construction of permanent dwelling places or the accumulation of possessions for monks.
  • Using postal services or engaging in correspondence that involves worldly attachments.
  • Accepting alms or gifts that are prepared with a specific intent for monks (Udeshika).
  • Engaging in "Upoasana" (a ritual of sitting) in places that are not conducive to Jain practice.
  • Misusing the concept of "Shata" (comfort or ease) by conflating physical comfort with spiritual progress.

5. The Importance of Correct Understanding and Practice:

• The text repeatedly stresses the need for a deep understanding of the scriptures and the strict adherence to the vows and conduct prescribed by the Tirthankaras.
• It warns against the dangers of false gurus (Kugurus) who exploit followers with misinterpretations and superficial teachings, leading them astray from the true path.
• The importance of discerning between true spiritual practice and worldly attachments is highlighted throughout the text.

6. Social and Spiritual Implications:

• The text implicitly addresses the duties of lay followers (Shravakas and Shravikas) in supporting the monastic community correctly, emphasizing that genuine spiritual merit comes from upholding the principles of Jainism.
• It encourages a life of renunciation and detachment for monks, aiming for spiritual liberation (Moksha).

7. The Role of the Guru:

• The text underscores the crucial role of a true guru who not only practices the principles but also teaches them accurately. It emphasizes the need for disciples to verify the authenticity and adherence of their gurus to the scriptures.

8. Historical and Philosophical Context:

• The text references various Jain scriptures like Acharanga Sutra, Sutrakritanga, Dashavaikalika Sutra, Nishitha Sutra, and Bhagavati Sutra to support its teachings, providing scriptural authority for its interpretations.
• It engages in philosophical discussions about the nature of suffering, the impact of actions, and the path to spiritual upliftment.

9. The Era and Practices:

• The text discusses the challenges of practicing Jainism in the current era (Kalikala), but strongly refutes the idea that the vows cannot be followed. It argues that the strictness of the vows was even increased in the fifth era compared to the fourth, indicating the enduring relevance and necessity of these practices.

In essence, "Dohro" serves as a guide for aspiring Jain monks and nuns, providing a comprehensive and rigorous framework for understanding and observing the path of renunciation, emphasizing meticulous adherence to the core principles of Jainism to achieve spiritual liberation. It also acts as a cautionary text against deviations and false interpretations that can lead individuals away from the true spiritual path.