Dharmratna Prakaran

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Dharmaratna Prakaran" by Munishri Manikyamuni, based on the provided pages:

Title: Dharmaratna Prakaran (The Jewel of Dharma)

Author: Munishri Manikyamuni

Publisher: Dharsi Gulabchand Sanghani (Printed at Jain Sudharak Press, Ajmer)

Year: Veera Samvat 2442 (1916 CE)

Purpose: The book aims to provide a Hindi translation and summary of the original Jain text, focusing on the virtues and vows of a lay follower (Shravak). It is dedicated to the memory of Deepchandji Kesarichindaत्मज Lunia by Kesharichandji Lunia.

Introduction (Prastavana): The preface highlights the need for a Hindi translation of the original text, which was previously published in Gujarati. The book is based on the Sanskrit commentary and presents a summary of the concepts with illustrative stories. It emphasizes the importance of knowledge and good conduct for spiritual progress. The author dedicates the book to the memory of Deepchandji Lunia, expanding on his father's initial intention to focus solely on the twenty-one virtues of a Shravak. The book also incorporates rules from the seventh vow and the transgressions associated with the 'Prakshik' vows, making it a valuable resource for Shravakas. The entire cost of the book was borne by Shri Kesharichandji Lunia. Readers are advised to read the correction slip first to understand any errors caused by oversight, press mistakes, or language limitations.

Core Content and Themes:

The book elaborately describes the path to attaining "Dharmaratna" (the jewel of Dharma) for lay followers. It emphasizes that while the ultimate goal is liberation (moksha) through the ascetic path of complete renunciation, acquiring the virtues and vows of a householder (Shravak) is the foundational step for a householder to progress towards that goal. The text systematically outlines and explains:

1. The Twenty-One Virtues of a Shravak (Shravak ke 21 Gun): The book dedicates significant portions to describing these virtues with accompanying stories. The virtues discussed, in detail, include:

   • Akshudra (Grave/Not Trivial): Emphasizing seriousness, avoiding petty disputes, and respectful communication, especially with elders and gurus. It cautions against ignorance leading to wrong religious practices.
   • Rupwan (Beautiful/Well-formed): Highlighting the importance of complete senses and a well-proportioned body for spiritual influence and adherence to vows, though acknowledging that virtue can overcome physical limitations.
   • Prakriti Saumya (Naturally Gentle/Peaceful Temperament): Stressing the importance of a calm and peaceful nature to avoid anger and bring peace to oneself and others, illustrated by the story of Angarshi.
   • Lok Priyata (Beloved by People): Advocating for good conduct, kindness, and generosity to gain public affection and spread Dharma, contrasting it with negative behaviors. The story of Sujat Kumar illustrates this.
   • Akarta (Not Angry/Free from Arrogance): Discouraging pride, anger, and fault-finding, which hinder spiritual progress. The story of a Brahmin who was outcasted for his anger and cruelty is used.
   • Pap Biruta (Fearful of Sin): Explaining the importance of understanding the consequences of sin and acting with discretion, using the example of Kala Suri the butcher's son, Sulas.
   • Ashath (Not Deceitful/Straightforward): Advocating for honesty and sincerity, warning against deception and its negative consequences, illustrated by stories of a deceptive boy and a cunning ascetic.
   • Sudakshinya (Generosity/Kindness): Highlighting the virtue of helping others, even at personal inconvenience. The story of Kshullak Kumar is used.
   • Lajjalu (Modest/Shameful of Wrongdoing): Emphasizing the importance of modesty and adherence to Dharma, even when facing difficult situations. The story of Chanda Rudra's disciple is presented.
   • Dayalu (Compassionate): Defining compassion as the root of Dharma and illustrating its importance with the story of a young man who became a monk due to compassion for living beings.
   • Madhyastha Saumya Drishti (Neutral/Peaceful Viewpoint): Encouraging an open mind and understanding of different perspectives without getting stuck in dogma or conflict. The story of Somvasu Brahman is used.
   • Gunanuragi (Appreciator of Virtues): Stressing the importance of appreciating and fostering virtues in oneself and others, while overlooking minor faults.
   • Satkatha (Virtuous Speech): Advocating for religious and virtuous discourse, avoiding worldly gossip. The importance of remembering the virtues of Tirthankaras and auspicious dates related to them is highlighted.
   • Supaksh Yukt (Having a Virtuous Family/Support): Emphasizing the role of a supportive and virtuous family in one's spiritual journey, with the story of Prabhakar Seth and Jinamati.
   • Dirghadarshi (Visionary/Farsighted): Explaining the importance of foresight in decision-making to ensure long-term benefits and avoid regrets. The story of Seth Mahadhan and his daughters-in-law illustrates this.
   • Visheshagya (Expert/Discerning): Highlighting the ability to discern the true nature of things and people, leading to wise choices and avoiding pitfalls. The story of a thief is used to show how discernment can lead to spiritual redemption.
   • Vriddhanug (Following the Advice of Elders): Stressing the importance of respecting and learning from elders, using the example of a king and his young and old ministers.
   • Vineet (Humble/Disciplined): Presenting humility and adherence to the advice of elders and gurus as the foundation of all virtues and spiritual progress.
   • Kritagya (Grateful): Emphasizing gratitude towards those who guide and help in spiritual growth.
   • Paropkari (Altruistic/Benefactor): Stressing the significance of selfless service to others as a path to Dharma, even in challenging circumstances.
   • Labdh Lakshya (One Who Achieves the Goal/Adept): Highlighting the ability to understand and act upon teachings, making spiritual progress efficiently. The story of Muni Aryarakshit is presented.

2. The Twelve Vows of a Shravak (Shravak ke Baarah Vrat): The book details the twelve vows, along with their transgressions (Atichar). These include:

   • Non-violence (Ahimsa): Described with nuanced levels of protection for different types of beings (Trasa and Sthavar) and the concept of 'Anarthand' (unnecessary harm).
   • Truthfulness (Satya): Emphasizing honesty and avoiding harmful or unnecessary speech.
   • Non-stealing (Aparigraha): Discussing honesty in dealings and avoiding unauthorized possession.
   • Chastity/Marital Fidelity (Brahmacharya): Stressing restraint in sexual matters, both outside and within marriage.
   • Limitation of Possessions (Parigraha Pariman): Advocating for contentment and controlled desire for material wealth.
   • Directional Vow (Dishi Pariman): Limiting travel and worldly activities in specific directions.
   • Vow of Abstinence from Enjoyment and Consumption (Bhog Upbhog Viraman): Detailed with lists of forbidden foods and items (Abhakshya), along with the concept of "Anantkay" (living beings in roots, fruits, etc.) and the importance of limiting consumption.
   • Abstinence from Unnecessary Harm (Anarthand Tyag): Avoiding actions that cause harm without purpose.
   • Samayik (Equanimity/Meditation): Practicing equanimity for a set period.
   • Deshavakashik (Temporary Restriction): Further restricting actions for a specific duration.
   • Paushadh (Fasting/Observance): A more rigorous observance, often involving fasting and meditation.
   • Atithi Samvibhag (Sharing with Guests/Ascetics): The practice of offering food to monks, nuns, or worthy individuals.

3. Transgressions of Vows (Atichar): The latter part of the book meticulously lists and explains the transgressions associated with each of the twelve vows, as well as the five vows related to Samyaktva (right faith). This section is extensive and covers various nuances of breaking the vows, including:

   • Atichars related to Samyaktva: Doubt in Tirthankaras, gurus, and Dharma; longing for worldly boons from other deities; being influenced by misaligned views; lack of steadfastness; and disrespect towards the Sangha.
   • Atichars related to the Twelve Vows: Categorized into various types of harm (Pranatipata), falsehood (Mrushavada), theft (Adattadana), sensual indulgence (Maithuna), excessive possession (Parigraha), directional transgression (Dishi Pariman), consumption of forbidden items (Bhog Upbhog), unnecessary harm (Anarthand), equanimity (Samayik), temporary restrictions (Deshavakashik), observance of Paushadh (Paushadh), and sharing with guests (Atithi Samvibhag).
   • Atichars related to Vows of Ascetics (Samlekhanā): Mentioned in the context of end-of-life observances.
   • Atichars related to Austerities (Tapāchār): Covering both external (Bahya) and internal (Abhyantar) austerities.
   • Atichars related to Effort (Vīryāchār): Pertaining to the proper application of energy in religious practices.

Key Takeaways and Emphasis:

• Gradual Spiritual Progress: The book emphasizes that the path to liberation is gradual, starting with cultivating virtues and observing vows as a lay follower.
• Importance of Knowledge: Understanding the principles of Dharma, the nature of souls and non-souls (Jiva and Ajiva), and the consequences of actions is crucial.
• Right Conduct: The text provides practical guidance on how to live a virtuous life, avoiding sins and harmful actions.
• The Role of Gurus: The importance of seeking guidance from qualified and virtuous spiritual teachers is consistently highlighted.
• Intention Matters: The book often refers to the intention behind actions, distinguishing between intentional and unintentional transgressions.
• Repentance and Correction: The practice of "Michchhami Dukdam" (seeking forgiveness for faults) is presented as a vital step for purification.
• Holistic Approach: The book covers various aspects of Jain life, from personal virtues to societal conduct and religious observances.

In essence, "Dharmaratna Prakaran" serves as a comprehensive guide for Jain lay followers, outlining the essential virtues and vows necessary for spiritual growth and the avoidance of sins, all supported by illustrative stories and detailed explanations of transgressions.