Dharm Ane Sanskruti - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Dharm ane Sanskruti" by Devendramuni, based on the provided pages:

Overview:

"Dharm ane Sanskruti" (Religion and Culture), edited by Devendramuni, is a collection of essays and discourses by various Jain scholars and spiritual leaders. Published in 1967 by Lakshmi Pustak Bhandar, Ahmedabad, the book explores the profound relationship between Jainism and Indian culture, emphasizing the timeless relevance of Jain principles in navigating modern life. The compiler, Devendramuni, was inspired to compile these valuable teachings after attending a Jain Muni conference in Ajmer in 1960. The book aims to make the wisdom of these influential figures accessible to a wider audience.

Key Themes and Content:

The book delves into various facets of Jainism and its cultural impact, covering topics such as:

The Nature of Dharma: The initial chapters grapple with defining "Dharma" (religion/duty), acknowledging the difficulty in encapsulating its essence in words due to its vast, experiential nature. It highlights that while many definitions exist, true Dharma transcends mere rituals or sects, representing the soul of culture, civilization, art, literature, and philosophy. Dharma is described as purity of thought, clarity of mind, brilliance of life, and illumination of spirituality, essential for human upliftment and the preservation of humanity itself. Misuse of Dharma for ego or selfishness breeds disbelief.
Culture and its Connection to Dharma: The text explores the multifaceted definitions of "Sanskriti" (culture), positing that culture is an inseparable blend of Dharma, philosophy, and art. It emphasizes that Dharma provides the sweetness, philosophy the divinity, and art the beauty to culture. Culture is seen as the lifeblood of human existence, analyzing the past, present, and future, and is the culmination of various human endeavors. The essence of culture is moving from non-existence to existence, from darkness to light, and from mortality to immortality.
The Role of Ahimsa (Non-violence): Ahimsa is presented as the very soul of Dharma and the foundational principle of Indian culture. The book argues that Ahimsa is not merely the absence of physical violence but also the presence of universal love, friendship, compassion, and equanimity towards all living beings. It critiques the materialistic pursuit of the modern era, which leans towards indulgence, violence, and possessiveness, viewing it as a decline rather than an ascent. Ahimsa, along with Aparigraha (non-possession) and Anekanta (non-absolutism), is presented as the antidote to vice and the catalyst for virtue.
The Significance of Swadhyaya (Self-Study): The importance of self-study, particularly of scriptures, is highlighted as crucial for the preservation of Jain culture and spiritual growth. The text outlines five types of Swadhyaya: Vachana (reading), Prichchhana (questioning), Parivartana (repetition), Anupreksha (contemplation), and Dharmakatha (religious discourse). It stresses that true knowledge comes from diligent study and contemplation, leading to inner peace and spiritual development.
The Status of Women in Jain Culture: The book advocates for the elevated status of women in Jainism, contrasting it with the historical subjugation of women in other traditions. It highlights that Jainism provides equal opportunities for spiritual upliftment to women, with numerous examples of influential female saints and scholars. The text celebrates the nurturing, sacrificing, and morally grounding influence of women, emphasizing their role in shaping individuals, families, and society. It criticizes the modern trend of women prioritizing materialistic pursuits over their inherent strength and spiritual duties.
The Core of Dharma: Ahimsa, Samyama, and Tapas: The essence of Dharma is identified as Ahimsa (non-violence), Samyama (self-control), and Tapas (austerity). Ahimsa is deemed the life force of Dharma, without which it becomes lifeless and destructive. Samyama is presented as the key to controlling senses and living a virtuous life, while Tapas, in its inner and outer forms, purifies the soul and enhances spiritual radiance.
Jain Contributions to Indian Culture: The book traces the significant contributions of Jain acharyas and kings to the development of Indian culture, particularly in promoting Ahimsa, religious tolerance, and intellectual discourse. It mentions figures like Acharya Bhadrabahu, Samrat Chandragupta Maurya, Samprati, Kharavela, Hemchandracharya, and the influence of Jainism on various dynasties and rulers.
Anekanta Vada (Non-absolutism) and Syadvada (The Doctrine of Conditional Predication): These core Jain philosophical concepts are explained as the foundation of Jain culture. Anekanta emphasizes the multi-faceted nature of reality and the importance of understanding issues from multiple perspectives to avoid extremism and foster harmony. Syadvada provides the linguistic framework for expressing this nuanced understanding, acknowledging that truth is relative to context and viewpoint. The text argues that these principles are vital for resolving conflicts and promoting peaceful coexistence in personal and societal life.
The Importance of Sanyam (Self-Control) and Sheel (Chastity): These are highlighted as essential for any thriving culture, emphasizing that true strength lies in controlling one's senses and living a life of discipline and moral integrity.
The Role of Saints: Saints are depicted as the spiritual guides and pillars of Indian culture, living selfless lives for the welfare of humanity. Their renunciation, penance, and teachings serve as beacons, awakening individuals and guiding them towards spiritual enlightenment. The book provides examples of the profound influence of saints like Samarth Ramdas on Shivaji and Acharya Hemachandra on Kumarapala.
Dharma and Youth: The book addresses the disconnect between the youth and traditional religious practices, suggesting that while the core principles of Dharma are universally appreciated, rigid rituals and outdated practices can alienate younger generations. It calls for a more relevant and engaging approach to religious education, emphasizing personal transformation over external adherence to rituals. The impact of Western education and materialistic values on youth is also discussed, highlighting the need to reintroduce spiritual and ethical values.
The Concept of Dharma: The book revisits the definition of Dharma, emphasizing its internal, spiritual nature rather than external rituals or institutions. It asserts that Dharma is the inherent nature of the soul, and true religion leads to self-realization and the attainment of the highest state of being.
The Significance of Culture: Culture is presented as the refined expression of human civilization, shaping individual and societal values. It is deeply intertwined with Dharma and Philosophy, deriving its strength and purpose from them. The adaptability and evolutionary nature of culture, particularly Indian culture, is noted as its key to longevity.

Overall Message:

"Dharm ane Sanskruti" advocates for a life grounded in Jain principles, where Dharma and culture are not separate entities but intertwined aspects of a meaningful existence. It encourages a balanced approach, integrating spiritual wisdom with practical living, and emphasizes the transformative power of self-discipline, non-violence, and ethical conduct for individual and collective well-being. The book serves as a guide to understanding and practicing these timeless values in contemporary society.