Devdravya Sambandhi Mara Vicharo

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Devdravya Sambandhi Mara Vicharo" by Acharya Shri Vijadharmasuri, based on the provided pages:

Overall Theme: The book is a collection of thoughts and arguments concerning "Devdravya" (devotional wealth/offerings to the deity) within the Jain community. It addresses the prevailing debate and differing interpretations surrounding its use and management, advocating for a more reasoned and scripturally aligned approach.

Publisher's Introduction (Page 2): The publisher, Abhaychand Bhagwandas Gandhi, notes that a discussion about "Devdravya" is ongoing. Acharya Shri Vijadharmasuri Maharaj wrote four pamphlets on this subject, filled with scriptural evidence and arguments. Due to their immense popularity, the publisher decided to compile these four pamphlets along with a pamphlet by Nyaaytirtha-Nyaayvisharad Pravartak Shri Mangalvijayji Maharaj, which specifically illuminates the word "Utsarpan" (meaning to emit, increase, or outflow). The publisher expresses hope that readers will approach the topic with a balanced perspective and embrace the correct path.

Pamphlet No. 1: My Thoughts on Devdravya (Page 3-11):

• The Debate and its Negative Impact: The author laments that the discussion on "Devdravya" has become contentious and divisive within the Jain community, causing distress to those who care for the faith. He criticizes the escalation of disputes over a matter that, in his view, should not be a cause for animosity. True wisdom lies in engaging with opposing views thoughtfully, not with malice. The current debate is characterized by wasted time and the accumulation of negative karma.
• Accepting the Deity and Devdravya: The author asserts that a deep, scriptural examination reveals no room for debate regarding "Devdravya." "Devdravya" has an inseparable connection with the "Murtis" (idols/images of Tirthankaras). Those who accept Murtis cannot logically reject Devdravya, as it comprises things needed for the Murtis and offerings made with a spirit of dedication. Things not offered with such devotion are not considered Devdravya.
• Scriptural Basis for Devdravya: The author points to scriptures, including Anga-Upanga and authoritative texts, which even prescribe the worship of ornaments.
• Addressing Misconceptions about Temples: He refutes claims that ancient temples were not located in cities or lacked doors, citing descriptions of temples in ancient cities and the derivation of the name "Vishala" from the presence of numerous "Jina Chaityas" (temples).
• The Essence of Devdravya: The core argument is that "Devdravya" is a real entity, intrinsically linked to Murtis. It is the wealth offered to the Murti with the intention of dedication. The notion that "Devdravya does not exist" is thus debunked.
• The Management of Devdravya: The author expresses deep concern about the mismanagement of Devdravya in many places. Trustees of temples and "Pedhis" (Jain institutions), along with some religiously zealous individuals, often disregard their responsibilities.
  • Prohibition of Lending: Scriptures prohibit lending Devdravya at interest. If lending is absolutely necessary, it should be done with collateral. Many trustees fail to adhere to this, leading to potential loss and placing blame on them.
  • Misuse of Devdravya: It is heard that Devdravya is sometimes used for sinful activities, which are even beyond the capacity of a single Jain to perform. Devdravya should only be used to remove offenses against the deities. The author criticizes the inaction of temple administrators when other temples or deities face "Ashatana" (offenses), showing a clear attachment to their own managed Devdravya.
• The Root Cause: Excessive Accumulation: The author believes that much of this mismanagement stems from the excessive accumulation of Devdravya. If this accumulated wealth were used for "Jirnoddhar" (restoration and renovation of temples), such issues would not arise.
• Recommendation for Funds Allocation: He strongly recommends using accumulated Devdravya for temple renovations, citing the many temples in regions like Marwar and Mewad that require such work. He believes the existing Devdravya is sufficient for these needs.
• Misuse vs. Mismanagement: The author questions the practice of using Devdravya for personal gain, business, or flattery, deeming it a misuse. He argues that accumulating Devdravya is unnecessary in this age, as it cannot directly help starving populations during a famine.
• Shifting Funds: He proposes shifting the income from "Boli" (auctions for religious services like Puja, Aarti) from Devdravya to the "Sadharan" (general) account. This is because Sadharan funds can be used across all seven areas of Jain practice, whereas Devdravya is restricted to temple and Murti-related expenses.
• Addressing Concerns about Misappropriation: The author acknowledges the fear that moving Boli funds to the Sadharan account might lead to misappropriation. However, he argues that misappropriation can happen even with Devdravya when funds are large, lent out, or managed by large institutions. The key is proper management and utilization, preventing funds from accumulating and becoming a temptation.
• Boli as a Sangha Convention, Not Scriptural Command: He clarifies that the practice of Boli (auctions) was introduced by wise Acharyas and the Sangha for specific reasons, primarily to prevent disputes over religious services. It was a convention for harmony, not a divine command. The variation in Boli practices across different villages further supports this.
• Reinterpreting "Devdravya": The author emphasizes that only wealth offered with the specific intention of dedication to the deity can be considered Devdravya. This is illustrated by the example of ornaments adorned on a Murti, which are later returned to the owner because the intention was not permanent dedication.
• The Need for Sadharan Funds: He highlights the current deficit in Sadharan funds, which hinders the completion of community projects. If all funds go to Devdravya, it will create future problems.
• A Call to Action: He urges all village Sanghas to pass resolutions to transfer Boli proceeds to the Sadharan account and use Devdravya for renovations. He notes that these thoughts have been with him for years and he has been propagating them during his travels.

Pamphlet No. 2: Can Boli's Wealth Not Be Taken to the Sadharan Account? (Page 12-29):

• The Nature of Evolving Traditions: The author begins by stating that traditions evolve with time and circumstances. Many past customs no longer exist, while new ones have emerged. This is natural, as human intellect and ideas change. Natural laws remain unchanged, but human-made customs, including religious ones, are subject to modification.
• Changes in Religious Practices: He provides several examples of changes in religious practices over time:
  • Dyeing Monks' Clothes: Initially, monks wore only white clothes. To distinguish between strict and relaxed monks, dyeing clothes became a practice under Shri Satayvijay Panyas.
  • Choosing Chaturmas: Previously, monks chose Chaturmas based on the qualities of the place, but now it depends on the Guru's command.
  • Kalsutra Recitation: Initially, only monks recited Kalsutra, and nuns listened. Later, it was done before the Sangha.
  • Monks' Staffs: The material of monks' staffs has changed from bamboo to different types of wood.
• The Sangha's Authority to Change Customs: Given these historical changes in religious practices, the author argues that the Sangha has the right to modify customs it introduced.
• The Purpose of Boli: He reiterates that the purpose of Boli in rituals like Aarti and Puja is to prevent disputes and ensure harmonious participation, especially between the strong and the weak, the rich and the poor. It is a method to resolve potential conflicts and facilitate the worship.
• Devotional Fruit is Internal: The author stresses that the true benefit of devotion lies in internal intention and disposition, not in the amount of wealth offered. Offering a large amount with pride and inner turmoil yields no true spiritual fruit, while a humble offering with pure intentions does.
• Boli is Not Scriptural, But a Sangha Convention: He cites the renowned Acharya Shri Hiravijaysuri Maharaj, who stated that using oil or other Boli proceeds to grant "Adesh" (permission for services) is not a well-established practice. However, it is difficult to stop where the maintenance of temples and deities depends on it. This implies Boli is a convention, not a scriptural rule.
• Historical Context of Boli for Devdravya: The author explains that in the past, when temples lacked sufficient resources for maintenance, the proceeds from some Boli were directed to Devdravya. This was a practical measure for the time.
• The Meaning of "Utsarpan": The author dedicates a significant portion of this pamphlet to analyzing the word "Utsarpan" from scriptures. He argues, with detailed etymological explanations and references to various texts (including Sanskrit dictionaries, Raghuvansham, Kiratarjuniyam, Updesh Pad, Shradh Vidhi, etc.), that "Utsarpan" generally means 'to increase,' 'to emit,' 'to give,' 'to offer,' 'to develop,' or 'to propagate.' Crucially, it does not mean "to bid" or "to auction." He refutes interpretations linking it to competitive bidding.
• Misinterpretation of "Utsarpan": He specifically criticizes the interpretation of "Utsarpan" in the context of Aarti as "Boli bolvi" (to speak bids/offerings) by some, like Anand Sagarji Maharaj. He argues this is a misinterpretation, possibly driven by the desire to maintain the status quo of Devdravya accumulation.
• Examples of Changes in Devdravya Usage: He provides numerous examples of how the use and source of Devdravya have evolved over time, including:
  • Jewelry for "Angi" (decoration of Murti) being temporary.
  • Changes in practices related to Indramala, payment of gifts ("Paharamani"), and dhoti offerings.
  • The shift of some offerings from Devdravya to Sadharan accounts.
  • Changes in the collection of "Nakro" (fee/contribution) for various temple items and events.
  • The transition of funds collected for deceased individuals' vows from Devdravya to Sadharan.
• The Purpose of Boli is Harmony: He reiterates that Boli's primary purpose is to prevent discord and ensure everyone can participate in religious services harmoniously.
• Sadharan Account is Crucial: The author strongly advocates for strengthening the Sadharan account, which supports all seven areas of Jain practice. He points out that many villages and towns face shortages in Sadharan funds.
• The Nature of Sadharan Dravya: He clarifies that Sadharan Dravya is also sacred and its misuse leads to negative karma, similar to Devdravya. However, it is designated for the welfare of the entire community, including the needy, and can be used for various righteous purposes.
• No Scriptural Obstacle to Shifting Boli Funds: He concludes that there is no scriptural impediment to the Sangha deciding to direct Boli proceeds to the Sadharan account, especially given the historical evolution of customs and the pressing need for Sadharan funds.

Pamphlet No. 3: How to Increase Devdravya? (Page 29-49):

• Definition of Devdravya: The author defines Devdravya as wealth or items offered to the deity with a firm intention of dedication. This intention is paramount.
• Importance of Devdravya: He affirms the necessity of Devdravya for the maintenance, renovation, and protection of temples and Murtis, and for removing offenses against the deities. He acknowledges that he is not against Devdravya but rather advocates for its proper utilization and increase.
• Scriptural Rewards for Increasing Devdravya: The author cites numerous scriptures that promise great rewards, including attainment of Tirthankarhood, for increasing Devdravya.
• Methods of Increasing Devdravya: He outlines scriptural methods for increasing Devdravya:
  • Offering New and Unique Items: Adding new and valuable items to the temple treasury.
  • Righteous Conduct: Avoiding fifteen types of sinful occupations and engaging in righteous trade.
  • Careful Protection: Ensuring the proper upkeep and security of existing Devdravya.
  • Jewelry as Collateral for Lending: While generally discouraged, some Acharyas permit lending Devdravya to non-Jains with valuable collateral to prevent loss. However, the author stresses this is a secondary option.
• Warning Against Unrighteous Methods: He strongly warns against increasing Devdravya through unrighteous means such as:
  • Lending to alcohol sellers, fishermen, prostitutes, or leather workers.
  • Constructing buildings using Devdravya for rent collection.
  • Hoarding grain during times of scarcity to sell at inflated prices.
  • Building wells, gardens, or fields for deity worship through such means.
  • Increasing taxes for the deity's benefit. These methods are declared "Ajnaraheet" (without divine command) and lead to the destruction of Devdravya and spiritual downfall.
• The Significance of Dravya-Kshetra-Kaal-Bhav: The author emphasizes the importance of considering the time, place, intent, and specific object (Dravya-Kshetra-Kaal-Bhav) for any religious activity. This principle applies to increasing Devdravya as well.
• Devdravya as a Means, Not an End: He reiterates that wealth is a means to an end, not an end in itself, even for householders. Devdravya should be used for the maintenance and improvement of temples and Murtis, not merely accumulated.
• The Crisis of Temple Neglect: He laments the current state of numerous dilapidated temples, overgrown with vegetation, covered in grime, and facing severe "Ashatanas," highlighting the misuse or hoarding of Devdravya.
• The Wrongful Use of Devdravya: He criticizes the practice of using Devdravya for building new structures, running businesses, making loans, investing in mills, and paying exorbitant legal fees, while neglecting the restoration of ancient temples.
• The True Purpose of Increase: The author stresses that Devdravya should be increased to serve the purpose of temples and Murtis. If this purpose is not met, the increase loses its meaning.
• Agnarheet (Without Command) Increase: He highlights the scriptural warning that increasing Devdravya without divine command leads to rebirths in the cycle of existence.
• The Pitfalls of Attachment and Mamta: He cautions against increasing Devdravya with attachment and "Mamta" (possessiveness), as this makes the increase unrighteous.
• Examples of Ajnarheet Practices: He lists specific practices considered unrighteous for increasing Devdravya, including lending to unsavory individuals, using Devdravya for businesses that generate rent, accumulating grain during scarcity, building wells/gardens for deity worship, and increasing taxes for the deity.
• The Consequence of Unrighteous Increase: He quotes scriptures stating that unrighteously increased Devdravya perishes along with its source, citing the example of wealth earned unrighteously lasting only a short period before disappearing.
• Mismanagement Leads to Loss: He points to the disappearance of large sums of Devdravya through loans and mismanagement as evidence of the consequences of unrighteous increase.
• The Importance of Righteous Methods: He concludes by reiterating the need for increasing Devdravya righteously, with proper intention, and in accordance with Dravya-Kshetra-Kaal-Bhav.

Pamphlet No. 4: Conclusion (Page 49-59):

• Recap of Arguments: The author summarizes his previous three pamphlets, stating he has addressed questions about the definition of Devdravya, its increase, methods, and expenditure, from both scriptural and practical viewpoints. He asserts that he has fully accepted the necessity of Murtis, temples, and Devdravya.
• The Core Recommendation: His primary recommendation remains that the practice of Boli during rituals like Puja and Aarti is a convention of the Sangha, not a scriptural mandate. Therefore, the Sangha has the authority to direct the proceeds from these Boli to the Sadharan account without any scriptural violation.
• The Social Impact of the Discussion: He notes the unexpected widespread attention his initial pamphlet received, leading to further publications. He mentions receiving a request from some "Mahatmas" to withdraw his views without providing scriptural counter-arguments. He firmly stood by his position, stating he would only change if his views were proven wrong with scriptural evidence.
• Lack of Counter-Evidence: The author asserts that despite the debate, no one has presented substantial scriptural proof to refute his arguments. He claims that the reliance on a single phrase from "Shradh Vidhi" by some, with a misinterpretation of the word "Utsarpan," is the basis of their opposition.
• Debunking the "Utsarpan" Argument: He thoroughly reiterates his analysis of "Utsarpan," demonstrating with linguistic and scriptural evidence that it does not mean "to bid" or "to auction." He contrasts the intended meaning of "giving," "offering," or "increasing" with the forced interpretation of "bidding."
• Changes in Charitable Practices: He highlights that charitable practices and traditions have always adapted to changing times, citing examples within Jainism itself, such as changes in the "Pratikraman" (repentance ritual) with new verses added over time and the use of Gujarati and Hindi instead of older languages. This reinforces the idea that customs can evolve.
• Boli as a Sangha Convention for Harmony: He emphasizes that Boli is a Sangha-created custom to prevent conflict during religious services, not a scripturally mandated practice.
• The Urgency of Strengthening the Sadharan Account: He reiterates that the Sadharan account is critically underfunded and essential for the well-being of all seven areas of Jain practice.
• The Correct Way to Increase Devdravya: He stresses that Devdravya should be increased through righteous means as prescribed by scriptures, not through unethical practices.
• The Value of Sadharan vs. Devdravya: He asserts that both Devdravya and Sadharan Dravya are important and should be increased. Sadharan Dravya, however, has broader applicability, supporting all seven areas of Jain practice, while Devdravya is limited to temple-related activities. He argues that strengthening the Sadharan account benefits the entire community.
• Rejection of Additional Taxes: He dismisses the suggestion of imposing new taxes on the community to bolster the Sadharan account, citing the existing financial hardships faced by many Jains due to poverty, famines, inflation, and government taxes.
• Boli Proceeds for Sadharan Account: He proposes that the most practical and beneficial solution is to direct the proceeds from all Boli to the Sadharan account. This would bolster the Sadharan funds without burdening individuals and would have no scriptural drawbacks.
• Critique of Opponents: He expresses compassion for those who falsely accuse him of wanting to abolish Devdravya or harm temples. He reiterates his full support for Devdravya and its proper increase through righteous means. He also criticizes opponents for personal attacks, attempts to dismantle institutions established by his followers, and for labeling him with negative terms without proper scriptural debate.
• Commitment to Truth: He declares his unwavering commitment to upholding and propagating his views through writings and teachings, as concealing truth is a sin. He believes in presenting truth to the public without fear or shame.
• Final Appeal: He urges readers to examine his views impartially, consider the changing times, and recognize that both customs and religious practices can evolve. He encourages a balanced approach, guided by scriptures. He expresses willingness to change his views if proven wrong with scriptural evidence.
• The "Utsarpan" Misinterpretation: He addresses the misuse of the word "Utsarpan" again, calling the interpretation of "Boli bolvi" completely baseless and a distortion of the word's actual meaning, which relates to "giving," "offering," or "increasing." He believes such misinterpretations are misleading to the public.

Additional Pamphlet: "Boli Bolvanu Vidhan Shradh Vidhi Ma Che Ke?" by Shri Mangalvijayji (Starts on Page 59):

• The Origin of the Debate: This pamphlet by Shri Mangalvijayji addresses the controversy initiated by Acharya Shri Vijadharmasuri's views on Boli and Devdravya.
• Vijadharmasuri's Initial Position: Shri Vijadharmasuri's initial statement proposed that Boli proceeds could be allocated to the Sadharan account without scriptural issue, arguing it's a Sangha convention for harmony.
• Anand Sagarji's Counter-Argument: Anand Sagarji Maharaj responded with a pamphlet, "Decision Regarding Devdravya stated by Acharyas, Panyas, Gani, and Munis," asserting that Boli proceeds must go to Devdravya and cannot be transferred to the Sadharan account.
• Critique of Anand Sagarji's Approach: Shri Mangalvijayji criticizes Anand Sagarji's premature judgment without proper debate or scriptural proof. He questions his authority to issue a "judgment" before a thorough discussion and challenges his reliance on mere mentions of texts without specific evidence.
• The "Shradh Vidhi" Passage: Anand Sagarji's primary justification was a passage from Shradh Vidhi. Shri Mangalvijayji meticulously analyzes this passage, demonstrating through linguistic and textual comparisons that the word "Utsarpan" in that context refers to offerings of various items and money, not to "bidding" or "auctioning." He provides examples from other Jain and non-Jain literature to prove the word's meaning and criticizes the forced interpretation by Anand Sagarji.
• The True Meaning of "Utsarpan": He consistently demonstrates that "Utsarpan" signifies growth, emission, donation, or offering, and never bidding. He also clarifies the meaning of the related term "Utsarpini" (a period of increase) as related to qualities, not competitive bidding.
• Boli as a Human Convention: He reiterates that Boli is a human convention established by the Sangha to prevent disputes during religious services and can be modified by the Sangha as needed.
• The Importance of Sadharan Funds: He concludes by emphasizing the critical need to strengthen the Sadharan account to support all seven areas of Jain practice. He advocates for the Sangha to pass resolutions to transfer Boli proceeds to the Sadharan account, a move he deems devoid of scriptural flaw.

In essence, the book is a scholarly and passionate defense of a more flexible and practical approach to managing devotional wealth in Jainism, advocating for the reallocation of certain Boli proceeds to strengthen the Sadharan account to benefit the broader community, while upholding the importance and scriptural basis of Devdravya itself.