Devagam Aparnam Aaptmimansa - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Devagam Aparnam Aaptmimansa" (also known as Aaptmimansa), based on the provided pages.

Book Title: Devagam Aparnam Aaptmimansa Author: Acharya Samantabhadra Translator/Commentator: Jugalkishor Mukhtar Publisher: Veer Seva Mandir Trust

Overall Purpose and Significance:

"Devagam Aparnam Aaptmimansa" is a seminal work in Jain philosophy, authored by the revered Acharya Samantabhadra. Its primary objective is to establish the truthfulness and authority of the Tirthankaras (Jinas) by analyzing and refuting various philosophical viewpoints prevalent at the time. The work is structured around the concept of "Apta" (a trustworthy and omniscient being) and critically examines different theories concerning the nature of reality, knowledge, and existence. The translator, Jugalkishor Mukhtar, has provided a detailed Hindi commentary, making this profound text accessible to a wider audience.

Key Themes and Arguments:

The book systematically critiques various philosophical schools of thought, including those that advocate for:

Absolute Monism (Advaita Ekanta): The text argues against the idea that reality is solely one and indivisible. It points out that such a view cannot account for differences in causality, action, and the diversity observed in the world.
Absolute Pluralism (Dwaita Ekanta/Prithaktva Ekanta): Conversely, the work refutes the notion that everything is entirely separate and distinct. It highlights the problem of explaining connections and relationships between entities if they are absolutely distinct. The critique extends to the concept of "Prithaktva" (separateness) as a fundamental quality, questioning its own nature and placement.
Eternalism (Nityatva Ekanta): The text criticizes the view that everything is eternally unchanging. It argues that if things were absolutely permanent, concepts like cause and effect, transformation, and the functioning of senses and knowledge would become impossible.
Momentariness (Kshanika Ekanta): The book also challenges the Buddhist doctrine of momentariness, stating that if everything is fleeting and ceases to exist in the next moment, concepts like continuity, causal relationships, remembrance, and even the possibility of liberation become problematic.
Theories of Causality: Various theories of causation, including those attributing effects to divine will (Daiva) or solely to human effort (Paurush), are examined and found wanting in their absolutist claims.
The Nature of Knowledge and Language: The text delves into the nature of valid knowledge (Pramana) and the limitations of language. It critiques views that prioritize either internal subjective experience (Vijnana Matrata) or external objects (Bahyartha) exclusively. It champions the Jain perspective that both are essential and interconnected.
The Role of Syadvada (Anekanta): A central theme is the exposition and defense of Syadvada, the Jain doctrine of manifold perspectives. The text demonstrates how Syadvada, through the framework of "Sapta-bhangi" (the seven-fold predication), resolves the apparent contradictions arising from absolutist viewpoints and offers a more comprehensive understanding of reality. It argues that reality is characterized by simultaneous existence and non-existence, eternity and change, unity and multiplicity, all from different perspectives.
The Concept of "Apta": The work elaborates on the characteristics of an "Apta" – an omniscient and infallible being. It argues that such a being must be free from all defects, possess complete knowledge, and their teachings must be consistent with logic and scripture. The text examines various miracles and attributes claimed by other traditions, arguing that these alone are insufficient to establish an "Apta" and may even be found in illusionists. The true establishment of an "Apta" lies in the unwavering logical consistency and truthfulness of their teachings.
The Primacy of the Tattvartha Sutra's Mangalacharana: The translator's preface highlights that the "Devagam" is considered by scholars like Acharya Vidyānanda to be a commentary on the introductory verses of the Tattvartha Sutra ("Mokshamargasya Netaaram..."), a foundational text of Jainism. This suggests the philosophical depth and importance of the "Devagam" in understanding the core tenets of Jainism.

Structure and Content of the Commentary:

The provided pages outline the structure of the book, which includes:

Dedication: A personal dedication by the translator, Jugalkishor Mukhtar.
Editorial Notes: Publisher's remarks, acknowledgments, and the translator's statement.
Introduction: An extensive "Prastavna" (Preface) by Darbarilal Jain Kothiya, which details the significance of "Devagam," the author Samantabhadra, and the historical context.
Table of Contents: A detailed index of the book's contents.
The Main Text: The "Devagam" text with the translator's commentary.
Appendices: Including corrections, a glossary of key terms, and an index of verses.

The translator, Jugalkishor Mukhtar, known for his deep scholarship and devotion to Samantabhadra's works, has meticulously analyzed each verse. His commentary aims to elucidate the original meaning, connect it with other Jain scriptures, and provide philosophical insights. He acknowledges his reliance on earlier commentaries, particularly Vidyānanda's "Ashtasahasri," while emphasizing his own efforts to unravel the profound meaning of Samantabhadra's verses.

Key Takeaways:

"Devagam Aparnam Aaptmimansa" is a rigorous logical and philosophical treatise aimed at establishing the Jinas as the true "Aptas."
It systematically dissects and refutes various non-Jain philosophical doctrines by highlighting their internal inconsistencies and contradictions with valid knowledge.
The work is a strong advocacy for the Jain Anekanta doctrine (Syadvada), presenting it as the only coherent framework for understanding the multifaceted nature of reality.
Acharya Samantabhadra's masterful use of logic, dialectics, and subtle linguistic analysis is evident throughout the text.
The commentary by Jugalkishor Mukhtar plays a crucial role in making the complex philosophical arguments understandable.

In essence, this book is a cornerstone for understanding Jain epistemology and metaphysics, showcasing the intellectual prowess of ancient Jain scholars in engaging with and refuting opposing philosophical systems.