Dev Dravyano Upayog - Book Summary

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Dev Dravyano Upayog" by Parmanand Kapadia, published in "Prabuddha Jivan" on July 15, 1948.

Title: Dev Dravyano Upayog (The Use of Divine Wealth) Author: Parmanand Kapadia Publisher: Prabuddha Jivan Date: July 15, 1948

This article, published in the periodical "Prabuddha Jivan," addresses a pressing contemporary issue: the utilization of "Dev Dravya" (wealth dedicated to deities or temples). The author, Parmanand Kapadia, expresses his personal views on this matter, aiming to present a structured perspective amidst ongoing discussions, particularly in light of the Tendulkar Committee's inquiry into religious trusts.

Core Argument and Context:

The central argument revolves around the appropriate use of accumulated wealth in Jain temples. While traditionally this wealth was meant for the upkeep and adornment of idols and temples, the author argues that in modern times, with considerable surplus funds, this wealth should be directed towards broader societal welfare and religious propagation. The article implicitly critiques the conservative stance of many temple administrators who believe Dev Dravya can only be used for its original, narrow purpose, arguing against such an "absolute" interpretation.

Key Points and Arguments:

The Meaning of Dev Dravya: Kapadia begins by questioning the literal interpretation of "Dev Dravya" as merely "wealth of the deity." He advocates for a more encompassing understanding where "Dev" refers to that which is respected and venerated, and by extension, the wealth offered to the Jinamurti (idol of the Jina) and the temple is indeed "Dev Dravya." The common understanding is that this wealth belongs to the specific sect and the temple community.
Tradition vs. Modern Needs: A significant portion of the article discusses the tension between age-old traditions and the evolving needs of society. Some argue that the established practices of using Dev Dravya, which have existed since time immemorial and are supported by scriptural references, should not be altered. Kapadia challenges this by stating that no tradition, however ancient, is inherently immutable if it no longer serves societal needs. He emphasizes the importance of adapting to contemporary social requirements.
Critique of Excessive Adornment: The author points out the practice of adorning idols with excessive gold, silver, and jewels, and questions whether this aligns with the ascetic nature of Jainism. He suggests that such practices might be unnecessary and that simplicity should be preferred.
The Surplus Funds and Their Utilization: Kapadia highlights that many temples, especially in populated areas, generate income far exceeding their maintenance expenses. This surplus presents a dilemma. While some of this is used for repairing older temples or building new ones, the author argues that this is insufficient. He draws parallels with other religious institutions (e.g., Madrassas, Mission Schools, Hospitals) that use their revenues for broader social good.
The Argument for Social Welfare: Kapadia strongly advocates for using the surplus Dev Dravya for social upliftment and religious propagation. This includes:
- Education: Funding educational institutions.
- Social Welfare: Supporting schools, hospitals, and relief for the needy (e.g., cheap housing, scholarships, free medicine).
- Religious Propagation: Supporting the spread of Jainism and its principles.
- Rebuilding Dilapidated Temples: While acknowledging the need for temple repair, he stresses that this should not be the sole purpose and should not preclude other societal needs.
Critique of the "Status Quo" Mentality: The author criticizes those who rigidly adhere to tradition without considering the changing social landscape. He notes that these traditionalists often cite scriptural references without understanding their original context or intent. He also critiques the argument that temples are purely religious institutions and that their funds cannot be used for social purposes, stating that temples are equally, if not more so, social institutions serving as meeting grounds for spiritual and social harmony.
The Role of Government and Law: The article touches upon the role of government in regulating religious trusts. Kapadia believes that the government should enact laws to ensure the proper and beneficial use of Dev Dravya, especially when societal needs are unmet. He dismisses the idea that religious matters should be entirely free from government oversight, especially when the wealth is significant and its current use is seen as unproductive. He uses the example of the Indian government's swift action against untouchability to illustrate the potential for positive legislative change.
Reactions and Testimonies: The article includes references to testimonies given before the Tendulkar Committee by prominent Jain figures like Seth Kasturbhai Lalbhai, Shri Dhirajlal Dhanjibhai Shah, and Shrimati Indumati Chenmanlal. These testimonies largely reflect the author's view, emphasizing the need for reform and the utilization of funds for social good. The article also mentions a counter-reaction from some groups who oppose such reforms and advocate for preserving the status quo, even threatening strong opposition to any government intervention.
Specific Examples and Critiques:
- Shri Munshi's Testimony: The author analyzes the testimony of Shri Munshi, noting inconsistencies in his arguments regarding the use of funds for music schools versus student meals, and his rigid stance on "Brahmabhojan."
- Seth Kasturbhai Lalbhai's Testimony: His testimony is seen as supporting the traditional view.
- Shri Amritlal Kalidas's Speech: The author strongly refutes the fiery and emotional speech of Amritlal Kalidas, which contained personal attacks and threats against the government. He defends his own testimony and the Mumbai Jain Yuvak Sangh's activities.
- Ahmedabad Jain Yuvak Sangh's Resolutions: The article mentions resolutions passed by the Ahmedabad Jain Yuvak Sangh, supporting the views of reformers like Pandit Bechardas and Muni Jinavijayji.
- Proposed Legislation: The article discusses the possibility of legislation to regulate religious trusts, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of its impact.
- Saurashtra Government's Gesture: The author highlights the Saurashtra government's exemption of tax on Shatrunjaya, urging the Jain community to reciprocate this generosity by utilizing the fund collected for this purpose for public welfare in Saurashtra.
- Gadi Parsvanath Temple Budget: The article criticizes a 13 lakh rupee budget for the renovation of the Gadi Parsvanath temple, questioning the necessity of such extravagance when there are pressing social needs and other temples requiring attention.

Conclusion:

Parmanand Kapadia's article is a passionate appeal for a progressive and socially responsible approach to the management and utilization of Jain temple wealth. He urges the Jain community and its leaders to move beyond rigid traditionalism and embrace practices that benefit society at large, aligning with the inherent principles of Jainism such as compassion and welfare. The article serves as a call to action, encouraging a re-evaluation of existing practices and a proactive engagement with contemporary social challenges.