Concept Of Pancasila In Indian Thaought

This book, "The Concept of Pancasila in Indian Thought" by Dr. Kamla Jain, offers a comprehensive exploration of the five fundamental moral principles (Pancasila) that have shaped Indian ethical and philosophical traditions. Published by P.V. Research Institute in Varanasi in 1983, this work is the result of Dr. Jain's doctoral thesis, approved by Delhi University.

The book delves into the meaning, aim, and basis of śīla (morality or good conduct), identifying pañcasila as the core of any ethical system. It acknowledges that the term pañcasila originated in Buddhism but emphasizes its presence in various forms across different Indian philosophical schools, including Jainism (as pañcamahāvrata) and Hinduism (as pañcayama). Dr. Jain clarifies that the pañcasila discussed in the book is distinct from the political Pancasila of the Bandung Conference.

The study primarily focuses on the Śramanical currents of thought, namely Buddhism and Jainism, where these principles are considered to be in their fullest maturity. While Brāhmaṇical systems are acknowledged for their acceptance and emphasis on these principles from a socialistic viewpoint, the Śramanical systems are highlighted for their stress on individualistic spiritual happiness.

The book meticulously analyzes each of the five principles:

1. Non-violence (Ahiṃsā): Explored in its positive and negative aspects, its historical development from Vedic times to the Śramanical traditions, the philosophical underpinnings in Jainism, classifications of violence, and its application by monks and the laity.
2. Non-stealing (Adattādāna/Asteya): Traced from its origins in the Ṛgveda through Brāhmaṇical and Śramanical periods, its connection to non-violence, types of stealing, and its observance by monks (mahāvrata) and the laity (aṇuvrata).
3. Celibacy/Chastity (Brahmacarya/Kāmamithyācāra-virati): Discussed in its etymological and conventional meanings, its historical prevalence, its different interpretations in Brāhmaṇical, Jaina, and Buddhist traditions, and its observance by monks and householders, including related transgressions and punishments.
4. Truth (Satya/Mṛṣāvāda-virati): Examined in its metaphysical and ethical dimensions, its supreme importance in Brāhmaṇical thought, its development in Upaniṣads, its classifications, and its application in Jaina and Buddhist philosophies, including the concept of Satyāgraha by Gandhi.
5. Avoidance of Intoxicants and Non-possession (Surā-mereya-madya-pramāda-sthāna-virati/Aparigraha): The book analyzes the condemnation of intoxicants across Indian traditions and the concept of non-possession, particularly its significance in Jainism and Buddhism, its practical application by monks and laity, and its connection to dāna (charity).

Dr. Jain emphasizes that śīla is both internal and external, mental and physical, and not merely a negative injunction but also a positive one. The work highlights the interconnectedness of these principles, particularly how ahimsā forms the foundation for others, and how the Śramanical traditions prioritize individual spiritual happiness leading to liberation (nirvāṇa or mokşa). The book also details the nuances of transgressions, atonements, and punishments within the monastic codes of Jainism and Buddhism, revealing both the strictness of the discipline and the pragmatic approach to exceptions and human psychology.

The author aims for an impartial and objective presentation, acknowledging the influence of various thinkers and texts, and concludes that these five principles, despite their different interpretations and applications across traditions, remain profoundly relevant for guiding human conduct in modern times.