Brief Account Of Different Dhatupatras

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The document "Brief Account Of Different Dhatupatras" by G. B. Palsule discusses various Dhatupathas, which are lexicons of Sanskrit verbal roots, and compares them, primarily with Panini's Dhatupatha (P.Dh.).

Key Dhatupathas and their characteristics:

• Panini's Dhatupatha (P.Dh.): Serves as the baseline for comparison.

  • Class I: Contains 1050 roots. A significant difference is noted in the P.Dh. with Class I having 21431 roots. The arrangement is described as lacking order, with roots from different categories (set, anit, vocalic, consonantal, different voices) mixed. Some roots appear multiple times.
  • Class X: YuJ and katha sub-classes have fewer roots compared to P.Dh.
  • Classes II-IX: Roots that follow different conjugations than in the bhu-class of P.Dh. are moved to their appropriate classes. Specific examples include eru, aks, tale, dhiny, lernu, stambh, stumbh, skambh, slumbh, and roots from the div-class being listed in the P.Dh.
  • Vikaranas: The vikaranas (verbal affixes) mentioned at the end of each class in the discussed Dhatupatha (presumably referring to a Dhatupatha other than the main Paninian one being analyzed) correspond to those in the Paninian system (syan, na, ka, etc.) rather than Sarvavarman's. The anubandha 'ś' is also present, serving a purpose in the Paninian system for guna rules but deemed superfluous in others.
  • Sarvavarman's Original Dhatupatha (Katantra School):
    • The Dhatupatha traditionally associated with the Katantra school is not believed to be Sarvavarman's original work but rather a preparation by Durga based on the Candra Dhatupatha.
    • Liebich published a Dhatupatha from Tibetan sources, the Kalapadhātu-sūtra, which he believed to be Sarvavarman's original. This version has roots with Tibetan translations and retains the ten-class structure.
    • Arguments against Sarvavarman's authorship of the traditional Kt. Dhatupatha:
      • Sarvavarman is not explicitly named as the author.
      • The vikaranas are the same as in the Paninian system, not Sarvavarman's as stated in his sūtrapāṭha. The presence of the anubandha 'ś' with vikaranas is superfluous for the Katantra system's rules.
      • The hu-class (third class) with the vikarana 'ślu' is problematic, as its function in elision and reduplication as in the Paninian system doesn't apply in the Katantra system where it's a sub-class of ad.
      • The root bru is placed in Class V in the Tibetan Dhatupatha, whereas Sarvavarman's grammar suggests it should be in Class I with specific rules for substitution.
    • Possible support for Sarvavarman's authorship: Sarvavarman omitted details about roots belonging to different classes optionally or under certain circumstances, which are later filled in by others. However, this omission could also be due to his concise grammatical style.
    • Conclusion on Sarvavarman: The author concludes that the evidence against Sarvavarman being the author of the traditional Kt. Dhatupatha is stronger, and he likely depended on Panini's Dhatupatha.

• Candra Dhatupatha:

  • Innovation: Primarily gives only one meaning per root, though some exceptions exist.
  • Accents: Discards the use of accents for indicating voice.
  • Voice: Indicated by descriptive statements, with roots grouped by pada (voice). Terms like atmanepadin, parasmaipadin, and ubhayapadin are used.
  • Arrangement: Differs from Panini in the arrangement of roots, especially in Class I, grouping parasmaipadin and atmanepadin roots separately.
  • Class X: Significantly fewer roots (114) compared to Panini (395). Denominative roots, certain sub-sections, and the bhaṛtha group are omitted.
  • Anubandhas: Drops only one anubandha from Panini's set.

• Jainendra Dhatupitha:

  • Order in Class I: Places atmanepadin roots first, followed by parasmaipadin, and then ubhayapadin.
  • Order of Classes: The hu-class precedes the ad-class.
  • Anubandhas: Introduces new anubandhas ('ai' for atmanepada and 'au' for anit roots) and explicitly lists them for all roots, unlike Panini who sometimes declared their presence.
  • Meanings: Sometimes modifies traditional meanings for economy or clarity, and occasionally uses entirely different meanings. Prefers action nouns ending in '-ti'.
  • Class X: Discontinues the practice of adding a final 'a' to roots ending in conjunct consonants. Divided into two sections: roots belonging exclusively to Class X and those belonging optionally.
  • Vedic Roots: Does not include roots restricted to Vedic usage.
  • Recensions: Exists in two recensions: a shorter one (deficient, supplemented by commentary) and a longer one (complete). The extant J.Dh. belongs to the longer recension. The longer recension abandons accents and uses specific symbols for voice indication.

• Kasakstana Dhatupatha:

  • Discovery: A recently discovered work.
  • Authorship: Cannot be from the ancient Kasakrtsna (anterior to Panini) because it uses all 21 of Panini's anubandhas in the same sense. It is a post-Paninian work.
  • Dating: The meanings assigned to roots are similar to Bhimasena's, suggesting a date no earlier than the beginning of the Christian era.
  • Arrangement: Resembles the traditional Katantra Dhatupatha.
  • Roots: Contains many roots of late origin, making it the "most inflated" Dhatupatha.
  • Assignment: Likely a product of a very late age, not earlier than 600 A.D.
  • Kannada Script: The printed edition retains the Kannada script, with translations provided in Kannada.
  • Structure: Describes root, Sanskrit meaning, verbal form, and nominal form, with Kannada translations for each.
  • Affinity with Katantra: Strong resemblance to the Durga Dhatupatha of the Katantra grammar, including treating the hu-class as a sub-class of ad, identical wording of certain dhatu-sūtras, and agreement in omission/inclusion of roots and assigned meanings.
  • Differences from Katantra: Reads about 500 "odd" roots not found elsewhere. Some are extensions of existing sūtras, others are new. Some appear to be errors, like mistaking anubandhas or preverbs for roots.
  • Kasakstana-Sabda-Kalapa: The name in the colophon suggests a connection to the Kalapa/Katantra grammar, implying it might be a version of the Katantra Dhatupatha.
  • Kasakrana Grammar: The quoted sūtras from Kasakrana grammar also show strong affinity with Katantra, suggesting the entire system is a version of Katantra.
  • Peculiarities: Five roots (cu, tus, pus, mis, si) are read with a short vowel. Certain roots in Class VI are also read with altered vowels.

The document concludes by highlighting the significant influence of the Katantra Dhatupatha (likely Durga's version) on the later development of Panini's Dhatupatha, with many roots likely migrating from the former to the latter. The author also reiterates the strong likelihood that Sarvavarman did not author the traditional Katantra Dhatupatha, attributing it to Durga, who in turn may have been influenced by Candra's Dhatupatha.