Bharatiya Sanskriti Ke Vikas Me Jain Vangamay Ka Avdan Part 02

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Book Title: Bharatiya Sanskriti Ke Vikas Me Jain Vangamay Ka Avdan Part 02 (Contribution of Jain Literature to the Development of Indian Culture, Part 02) Author(s): Nemichandra Shastri, Rajaram Jain, Devendrakumar Shastri Publisher: Prachya Shraman Bharati Catalog Link: https://jainqq.org/explore/032458/1

This book, the second volume of a collection on the contribution of Jain literature to Indian culture, is a compilation of rare research articles related to ancient languages, Jainology, Indian literature, and Shraman culture. It primarily focuses on the scholarly work of the late Dr. Nemichandra Shastri, a Jyotishacharya (expert in astrology).

Key Themes and Content:

The book is structured to highlight the multifaceted impact of Jain literature and tradition on the broader Indian cultural landscape. The content spans across various disciplines, reflecting the depth and breadth of Jain thought and its historical influence.

1. The Legacy of Jain Acharyas: The initial pages introduce and provide biographical details of prominent Jain Acharyas, including:

   • Acharya 108 Shri Shantisagar Maharaj (Chhaniwale): His birth, initiation, education, and spiritual journey are detailed, emphasizing his role in reviving the Digambar Jain monastic tradition in the 20th century, particularly in North India. His opposition to social evils like dowry and animal sacrifice, and his compilation of significant works are highlighted. His samadhi-maran (peaceful passing) in Sagwada, Rajasthan, is noted.
   • Acharya 108 Shri Suryasagar Maharaj: Following the lineage, his life and contributions are described, including his prolific writing (over 33 texts), with "Sanyam Prakash" being a notable work on the duties of ascetics and lay followers. His samadhi-maran in Dalmianagar, Jharkhand, is mentioned.
   • Acharya 108 Shri Vijaysagar Maharaj: The text outlines his life, his role as a highly disciplined and spiritually accomplished Acharya, and his peaceful passing in Morar, Gwalior.
   • Acharya 108 Shri Vimalsagar Maharaj (Bhindwale): His significant contributions, including the establishment of many Jinnalayas (Jain temples) and Panchakalyanaka ceremonies, are noted. His influence in the Bhind region is particularly mentioned.
   • Acharya 108 Shri Sumati Sagar Maharaj: Described as a rigorous ascetic and follower of ancient traditions, his life marked by hardships, miracles, and the publication of many traditional texts are highlighted. His establishment of the Tyagi Vrati Ashram in Sonagir is a testament to his legacy.
   • Upadhyay 108 Shri Gyansagar Maharaj: The text details his journey from Umesh Kumar to Upadhyay Shri Gyansagarji Maharaj, emphasizing his role as a guiding force behind the publication of this book. His extensive work in publishing and re-publishing lost Jain texts, organizing scholarly seminars, and promoting Jain culture is a major focus.

2. The Contribution of Dr. Nemichandra Shastri: The book is a tribute to the scholarly work of Dr. Nemichandra Shastri, particularly his magnum opus, "Tirthankar Mahavir Aur Unki Acharya Parampara" (Tirthankar Mahavir and His Acharya Tradition), a four-volume work that meticulously chronicles the history of the monastic tradition. The book itself is a collection of his representative research articles, covering a wide range of topics.

3. Jain Philosophy and Logic: Several articles delve into core Jain philosophical concepts:

   • Jain Tattva Mimansa (Jain Metaphysics): This section discusses the seven tattvas (principles) in Jainism, emphasizing the importance of tattva-jnana (knowledge of principles) for liberation. It outlines the evolution of tattva-nirupana (exposition of principles) from the initial 'sat' and 'sankhya' methods to the nine padarthas (substances) of Kundakunda and the seven tattvas of Acharya Gribdhpichha (Umaswami) in "Tattvartha Sutra." The concept of 'sat' as product, decay, and permanence (utpad, vyay, dhrauvya) is explained. The nature of the soul (jiva) as conscious (chetanya) and its distinction from the non-soul (ajiva) is elaborated, along with the soul's inherent qualities like authorship (kartritva) and enjoyment (bhoktritva). The text engages in a critique of Nyaya-Vaisheshika's view of the soul and consciousness.
   • Pramanavaad (Epistemology): This section analyzes the concept of valid knowledge (pramana) in Jain logic, particularly focusing on the role of 'sannikarsa' (contact) as a means of knowledge, as proposed by the Nyaya school. It critiques the Nyaya-Vaisheshika view that knowledge arises from the soul's contact with qualities, and discusses the Jain rejection of sannikarsa as the sole means of valid knowledge, emphasizing direct perception (pratyaksha) and inference (anumana) as primary pramanas.
   • Shabd ka Poudgalikatva Pratipadan (The Materiality of Sound in Jain Philosophy): This article examines the Jain view that sound (shabd) is a material phenomenon (pudgal paryaya), originating from the interaction of skandhas (aggregates). It discusses the concept of sound-vargana (sound-emitting matter) and its material nature, refuting the idea of sound as an immaterial quality. The debate on the eternality vs. non-eternality of sound is also touched upon, with the Jain perspective leaning towards a nuanced view of both.
   • Tattvopaplavvad Samiksha (Critique of Tattvopaplavva): This section critically analyzes the Lokayatika (Charvaka) philosophical stance that denies the existence of reality (tattva) and valid means of knowledge (pramana). It argues against this materialistic and nihilistic viewpoint, asserting the Jain belief in a real, eternal, and causally determined universe, as well as the validity of Jain pramanas. The text defends the existence of the soul and the principles of karma and liberation against such skeptical arguments.

4. Jain Tirthas (Sacred Places) in Bihar: A significant portion of the book is dedicated to describing the Jain pilgrimage sites in Bihar, categorizing them into:

   • Siddhabhumi Tirthas: Places where Tirthankaras and Kevalins attained liberation. Bihar is highlighted as the land of liberation for 20 Tirthankaras, including the prominent ones like Shri Sammed Shikhar (Parshwanath Hill), Pawapuri (Lord Mahavir's nirvana place), Champapuri (Lord Vasupujya's nirvana place), Rajgir, Gunawa, Mandaragiri, and Kamaldaha.
   • Tapobhumi and Gyanbhumi Tirthas: Places where Tirthankaras or monks performed austerities or attained omniscience. Rajgir's Nilvan region, the bank of Rijukula river, and the Panchpahadi region are mentioned.
   • Janmabhumi Tirthas: Birthplaces of Tirthankaras. Bihar is noted as the birthplace of Tirthankaras Mallinath, Naminath, Munisuvratnath, and Lord Mahavir (at Kundagram, Vaishali).
   • Sadharan Tirthas: General Jain temples and sites of worship. Arrah and Gaya are highlighted as important centers. The historical significance and preservation of Jain relics, including idols and inscriptions, are emphasized.

5. Jain History, Art, and Culture:

   • Jain History in Shahabad: This section details the historical presence of Jainism in the Shahabad district of Bihar, mentioning archaeological findings like images and the Dharmachakra, dating back to the 6th century AD. It discusses the establishment of Jain temples and communities in Arrah and Dalmianagar.
   • Jain Coins: An analysis of ancient Jain coins is presented, discussing the significance of symbols like the lotus, bull, and lion, and their connection to Jain Tirthankaras. The influence of Jainism on the coinage of various dynasties, including the indigenous rulers and the impact of foreign interactions, is explored.
   • Emperor Samprati: The text provides a detailed account of Emperor Samprati, a Maurya ruler, often considered the "Jain Ashoka." It discusses his reign, his conversion to Jainism, his extensive missionary activities to spread Jainism, and his patronage of Jain art and architecture. The book critically examines historical accounts, attempting to reconcile discrepancies between Jain and Buddhist traditions regarding Samprati's lineage and influence.
   • Jain Art: The book explores the artistic contributions of Jainism, particularly in architecture and sculpture. The grandeur of Jain temples, the intricate carvings, and the spiritual essence conveyed through these artistic expressions are highlighted. The influence of Jain art on broader Indian art forms is acknowledged. The specific styles of North Indian, South Indian, and East Indian Jain art are discussed. The unique features of Jain sculptures, such as the depiction of Tirthankaras in meditation and the symbolism behind various elements, are analyzed.
   • Somadeva's Political Discourse: This section focuses on the political philosophy and administrative insights of Acharya Somadeva Suri, known for his work "Yashatilaka Champu." It covers his views on the ideal king, the qualities of a good ruler, the importance of ministers and advisors, the structure of government, economic policies, and military strategy, all from a Jain ethical perspective. The text highlights Somadeva's emphasis on ethical governance, justice, and the welfare of the subjects.
   • Bhakti, Sangeet aur Lalit Kala (Bhakti, Music, and Fine Arts): This section examines the role of devotional practices, music, and arts within Jainism. It contrasts Jain devotion with devotional practices in other Indian religions, emphasizing the Jain focus on internal realization and detachment from external rituals. The importance of music, dance, and various art forms in Jain religious ceremonies and daily life is discussed, with references to ancient Jain texts and practices.
   • Buddhism Mahayana and Devotion: A comparative study is made between Jain devotion and the devotional aspects within Mahayana Buddhism. It explores the development of devotional practices in Mahayana, influenced by concepts like the Trikaya doctrine and the emphasis on faith in Buddha as a divine savior.
   • Jain Music: The text delves into the rich tradition of music within Jain literature, referencing ancient texts like the Tiloy Pannatti, Harivamsa Purana, and Padmapurana. It discusses various musical instruments, ragas, talas, and the integration of music in religious ceremonies and daily life. The contributions of Jain poets and musicians to the development of Indian music are highlighted.
   • Jain Art: The book explores the various forms of Jain art, including architecture (temples, stambhas), sculpture (Tirthankara images, Yaksha-Yakshini figures), and painting. The distinct characteristics and evolution of Jain art styles across different regions and periods are analyzed. The spiritual underpinnings and philosophical symbolism embedded in Jain art are emphasized.
   • Women in Jain History: The role and status of women in Jain tradition, as depicted in Jain literature, are discussed. The text highlights the respect accorded to women, their participation in religious practices, their intellectual contributions (e.g., through scriptural studies and patronage of arts), and the examples of influential Jain women throughout history. The text also acknowledges potential societal limitations while generally presenting a positive view of women's status in Jain society as described in ancient texts.
   • Tirthankara Panchakalyanaka Dates: This section addresses the astronomical and astrological aspects of the dates associated with the five auspicious events (Panchakalyanaka) in the lives of Tirthankaras, attempting to reconcile traditional accounts with astrological calculations.

6. Jyotish and Ganita (Astrology and Mathematics): A significant portion of the book is dedicated to the Jain contributions to astrology and mathematics.

   • Jain Astrology: The text outlines the unique characteristics of Jain astrology, including its different cosmological models (like the Sumeru mountain as the center of planetary movement), its calendar system (Panchanga), and its emphasis on the concept of karma as reflected in horoscopic predictions. It discusses the Jain perspective on planetary influences and their relationship to an individual's destiny and spiritual path.
   • Jain Astronomical Texts: The contribution of Jain scholars like Aryabhata (Jain tradition), Mahaviracharya, Shridharacharya, Nemichandra, and Rishi-putra is discussed in relation to their astronomical works. The accuracy of Jain astronomical calculations, their independent development from Greek influences, and their unique features are highlighted.
   • Mathematics in Jainism: The book elaborates on the advanced mathematical concepts present in Jain texts, such as the calculation of large numbers (including concepts of infinity), the theory of series, geometric principles, and the use of indices. The early development of concepts like zero and place value is attributed to Jain mathematicians. The text emphasizes the practical and philosophical applications of mathematics within the Jain worldview.
   • Angavidya (Study of Auspicious/Inauspicious Signs): This section explores the ancient Indian science of physiognomy and its presence in Jain texts, discussing the interpretation of physical characteristics, palmistry, and other similar practices as indicators of an individual's destiny and character.
   • Dreams and Omens: The book touches upon the significance of dreams and various omens in Jain tradition, interpreting them as potential indicators of future events or karmic influences.

The overall aim of this comprehensive volume is to demonstrate that Jain literature and thought have not only preserved and enriched Jain traditions but have also significantly contributed to the holistic development of Indian culture across various intellectual and artistic domains. The work of Dr. Nemichandra Shastri, as presented by the editors, serves as a cornerstone in understanding this profound contribution.