Bhadrabahu Charitra

This is a comprehensive summary of the provided Jain text, "Bhadrabahu Charitra," authored by Udaychandra Jain and published by Jain Bharti Bhavan, Banaras. The text is a translation from Sanskrit to Hindi by Shri Udaylal Kashliwal.

Overall Context and Purpose:

The "Bhadrabahu Charitra" (The Life of Bhadrabahu) is presented as a significant Jain text that aims to illuminate the life and teachings of the revered Jain Muni Bhadrabahu. The introductory sections highlight the importance of studying historical and biographical accounts of Jain acharyas, emphasizing that a lack of such detailed historical records is a challenge for the Jain community. The author expresses a desire to bring to light the glorious legacy of their ancestors and to reveal the profound significance of Jainism to the world.

Key Content and Themes:

The provided text appears to be the preface and the initial chapters of the "Bhadrabahu Charitra." It focuses on several key areas:

1. Introduction and Publisher's Note (Pages 1-4):

   • The book is presented with a devotional invocation and the publisher's details.
   • A copyright notice indicates the registration of the book as per the Act of 1867.
   • A disclaimer is made that any copy without the official seal will be considered stolen.

2. Preface (Prastavana) (Pages 5-27):

   • The Importance of Jain History: The preface begins by lamenting the current state of historical research within the Jain community, stating that Jain society lags behind in uncovering historical matters. It attributes this to a lack of emphasis on historical studies in education, which creates a scarcity of material for writing the biographies of Jain acharyas.
   • The Need for Research and Revival: The author stresses the need for the Jain community to actively engage in researching their history and to bring to light the "bright reputation" of their ancestors, thereby showcasing the "divine significance" of Jainism to the world.
   • Author and His Predecessors: The author acknowledges the difficulty in gathering information about the author of the "Bhadrabahu Charitra," Muni Ratnanandi. Information is gleaned from the last verse of the text, which states that Ratnanandi was a disciple of Muni Anantakirti, who in turn was a disciple of Muni Lalitkirti.
   • Dating and Historical Context: The preface delves into the challenging task of dating these ancient acharyas. It discusses the mention of the "Dhundhiya sect" (founded by Lunka) in the "Bhadrabahu Charitra," suggesting that Ratnanandi lived after Vikram Samvat 1527. It also touches upon the possible identification of Ratnanandi with Ratnakirti, citing the "Sudarshan Charitra" by Vidyanandi, who was a disciple of Devendrakirti (who ascended the throne in Vikram Samvat 1662). This comparison helps to place Ratnanandi approximately within the 16th century.
   • The Scholarly Debate on Jain Sects: A significant portion of the preface is dedicated to discussing the historical origins of the Digambara and Shvetambara sects. It presents the Shvetambara view that the Digambara sect originated with Shivabhuti in the 7th century after the Nirvan of Lord Mahavir, based on a narrative about Shivabhuti's ordination. It then presents the Digambara perspective, citing Bamdev's "Bhava Sangraha," which attributes the origin of the Shvetambara sect to Jinchandra after the time of Lord Mahavir, due to a schism related to the abandonment of "Jinakalpa" (strict ascetic practices).
   • Critique of Shvetambara Arguments: The author critically examines the Shvetambara narrative, questioning the logic of Shivabhuti's story and the reasons for his initial rejection and later acceptance of ordination. The author also argues that the Shvetambara claim of Digambara origins in the 2nd century after the Nirvan of Lord Mahavir is unsubstantiated by strong proof.
   • Digambara Superiority in Ancient Texts: The author asserts that Digambara origins are supported by ancient texts, including those of the Vedic tradition. The presence of the word "Nagna" (naked) in ancient Brahmanical texts like those of Varahamihira (contemporary of Vikramaditya) and the Mahabharata is cited as evidence for the ancient existence of Digambara ascetics, predating the Shvetambara sect. The author argues that Varahamihira's mention of "Nagna Jinagurus" indicates their presence and worship, and the Shvetambara claim of Digambara origins in the 2nd century is therefore false.
   • The Meaning of "Nagna" and Digambara Identity: The text clarifies that "Digambara" literally means "sky-clad" and refers to ascetics who possess no possessions. This is contrasted with Shvetambaras, who wear white clothes. The author emphasizes that Digambaras are true followers of the Nirmala (pure) path.
   • The Authenticity of Shvetambara Texts: The author questions the antiquity and authenticity of Shvetambara Anga scriptures, suggesting that if they were truly from the original Ganadharas, they would fully align with the numerical counts mentioned in their own scriptures. The author posits that these texts might have been compiled later by Maharishis, attributing them to Ganadharas.
   • The Antiquity of Digambara Acharyas: The preface provides evidence for the antiquity of Digambara acharyas like Kundakundacharya (Vikram Samvat 49) and Samantabhadraswami (Vikram Samvat 125), whose works and disciples are well-documented. This contradicts the Shvetambara claim that the Digambara sect emerged much later.
   • The True Nature of Jainism: The author concludes the preface by urging readers to adopt an impartial approach, consider the essence of Dharma, and follow the path shown by the omniscient Lord. The core message emphasizes that true welfare lies in the path of Jainism, which is free from contradictions.

3. Bhadrabahu Charitra - First Chapter (Pages 32-57):

   • Invocation: The chapter begins with prayers to Lord Mahavir, Lord Rishabhanatha, and the Pancha Parameshthis.
   • Praise of Jain Agamas: The importance of the Jin Vani (Jain scriptures) as a source of pure intellect is highlighted.
   • The Story of Lord Mahavir's Sermon: The narrative begins with King Shrenika of Magadha, who, along with his queen Chelana, goes to listen to Lord Mahavir's sermon at Vipulachal mountain.
   • King Shrenika's Question: King Shrenika asks about the future, including the number of Kevalis and Shrutakevalis in the Dusham Kalikala and the general decline of knowledge, dharma, and happiness.
   • Lord Mahavir's Prophecy: Lord Mahavir predicts that after his departure, three Kevalis (Gautama, Sudharma, and Jambuu) and five Shrutakevalis (Vishnu, Nandimitra, Aparajita, Govardhana, and Bhadrabahu) will emerge. He also foretells the gradual decline of knowledge, dharma, and happiness in the coming era.
   • Introduction to Bhadrabahu's Life: Lord Mahavir then begins to narrate the life of Muni Bhadrabahu for King Shrenika.
   • The Birth and Early Life of Bhadrabahu: The story describes the birth of Bhadrabahu in the city of Kotpur in the country of Pundravardhana. His parents were Somasharma (a priest) and Somashri. Bhadrabahu, who was a child of great merit and intellect, was recognized by Acharya Govardhana, a prominent Muni.
   • Bhadrabahu's Education: Under the tutelage of Acharya Govardhana, Bhadrabahu excels in various arts and sciences, demonstrating a sharp intellect and profound learning.
   • Bhadrabahu's Renunciation: Driven by a deep sense of detachment from worldly pleasures and a fear of the cycle of birth and death, Bhadrabahu seeks permission from his parents to renounce the world and embrace asceticism. His parents, though initially reluctant, eventually consent, moved by his sincere desire for spiritual liberation.
   • Bhadrabahu's Asceticism and Discipleship: Bhadrabahu takes initiation from Acharya Govardhana and dedicates himself to rigorous ascetic practices, earning the admiration of all. The text describes his adherence to the core principles of Jain monasticism, including non-possession, control of senses, and deep meditation.
   • Bhadrabahu's Teachings and Influence: The narrative highlights Bhadrabahu's profound knowledge and his ability to defeat scholars from other sects through his mastery of logic and scripture. His wisdom and conduct inspire King Padmadhara of Kotpur, who embraces Jainism, leading to the flourishing of the faith in his kingdom.

4. Bhadrabahu Charitra - Second Chapter (Pages 58-73):

   • Acharya Govardhana's Demise: The chapter begins with Acharya Govardhana attaining salvation through intense penance.
   • Bhadrabahu's Leadership: Bhadrabahu assumes the leadership of the Sangha, guiding his disciples and propagating the Jain faith.
   • The Story of King Chandragupta and the Dreams: The narrative shifts to King Chandragupta of Ujjain, who experiences sixteen disturbing dreams. He consults Muni Bhadrabahu about their interpretation.
   • Interpretation of the Dreams: Muni Bhadrabahu interprets the dreams, foretelling a period of severe famine and drought in the Malwa region for twelve years, the decline of the Jin (Jain) faith, the rise of heterodox sects, the prevalence of unrighteous conduct, and the eventual downfall of the current era.
   • The Famine and the Sangha's Decision: Due to the impending famine and the threat to their ascetic practices, Muni Bhadrabahu decides to lead the Sangha to the Southern regions.
   • The Devotion of the Lay Disciples: The lay disciples of Ujjain express their sorrow and plead with the Sangha to stay, offering their full support and resources to overcome the famine. However, Muni Bhadrabahu insists on their departure to preserve the sanctity of their vows.
   • The Departure and the Shvetambara Schism (briefly mentioned): The Sangha departs, leaving the disciples in grief. The text then briefly touches upon the historical events leading to the Shvetambara schism, mentioning the influence of the "Dhunda" sect and the misinterpretations of Jain principles.
   • Critique of Shvetambara Beliefs: The author elaborates on the Shvetambara beliefs regarding the shedding of "Jinakalpa" (strict practices) and the adoption of "Sthavirakalpa" (less stringent practices). The author critiques the Shvetambara notion that women can attain Moksha in the same lifetime and their interpretation of Lord Mahavir's birth.
   • Distinguishing Jinakalpa and Sthavirakalpa: The text provides detailed descriptions of both Jinakalpa and Sthavirakalpa practices, arguing that the latter, as practiced by some Shvetambaras with possessions, deviates from the original spirit of Jain asceticism.

5. Bhadrabahu Charitra - Third Chapter (Pages 74-91):

   • Muni Bhadrabahu's Renunciation and Mahasamadhi: Muni Bhadrabahu, after ordaining Vishakhacharya as his successor and entrusting him with the leadership of the Sangha, decides to enter into solitude in a cave for his final vows and penance (Sallekhana).
   • The Devotion of Chandragupti Muni: Chandragupti Muni, a newly initiated disciple, expresses his unwavering devotion and pledges to serve Muni Bhadrabahu throughout his final days.
   • The Miracle of the Divine Food: During his period of solitude, Muni Bhadrabahu instructs Chandragupti Muni to go for alms. In the forest, Chandragupti Muni encounters a divine being (Vanadevi) who provides miraculous food. Chandragupti Muni, adhering to the principles of Jain monasticism, refuses to accept food without a proper giver.
   • The Test of Chandragupti's Devotion: The Vanadevi repeatedly attempts to provide food in various ways, but Chandragupti Muni's integrity and adherence to his guru's teachings are unwavering. He returns to Muni Bhadrabahu each time, explaining the situation.
   • Muni Bhadrabahu's Approval: Muni Bhadrabahu praises Chandragupti Muni for his righteous conduct and advises him to accept food only when offered by a proper donor according to Jain scriptures.
   • The Miraculous City: The Vanadevi, impressed by Chandragupti Muni's devotion, creates a city in the forest for him to obtain alms. Chandragupti Muni accepts the alms from the householders of this divine city.
   • The Shvetambara Sect's Deviation: The narrative returns to the Shvetambara sect, highlighting their adoption of white garments and their deviation from core Jain principles. The text traces the rise of various sub-sects within the Shvetambara tradition due to pride, personal interpretations, and external influences.
   • The Rise of the Lundamara (Dhundhiya) Sect: The text mentions the emergence of the Lundamara (Dhundhiya) sect after 1527 years from the death of King Vikramaditya, attributing its origin to Lunka, a Shvetambara from Gujarat, who opposed idol worship.
   • Critique of Shvetambara Doctrines: The author strongly refutes Shvetambara doctrines such as the possibility of women attaining Moksha in the same lifetime, the concept of Lord Mahavir's conception and birth, and the idea of Kevalis partaking of food. The author provides detailed scriptural arguments and logical reasoning to counter these Shvetambara beliefs, emphasizing the purity and perfection of the Kevali state.
   • The Distinction Between Jinakalpa and Sthavirakalpa: The text further elaborates on the distinctions between Jinakalpa and Sthavirakalpa, arguing that the Shvetambara practice of wearing clothes is a deviation from both and akin to the "Grihastha Kalpa" (layperson's practice).

6. Bhadrabahu Charitra - Fourth Chapter (Pages 92-126):

   • The Encounter Between Sthulabhadra and Vishakhacharya: The chapter describes an encounter between Sthulabhadra (and his disciples) and Vishakhacharya (who succeeded Bhadrabahu). Sthulabhadra's disciples, having seemingly adopted a different practice, are questioned by Vishakhacharya.
   • Sthulabhadra's Teachings: Sthulabhadra emphasizes the abandonment of wrong paths and the adoption of the true Jain path ("Cedhopasthaapana").
   • The Disagreement and the Rise of New Paths: Some monks, influenced by pride and a desire for easier practices, disagree with Sthulabhadra and begin to propagate their own interpretations, leading to further divisions and the emergence of new, flawed doctrines.
   • The Influence of the "Ardha-phalaka" Sect: The text details the emergence of the "Ardha-phalaka" sect, characterized by their rituals and practices, which eventually became known as the Shvetambara sect. The author critiques their beliefs and practices as contrary to the original teachings of Lord Mahavir.
   • Critique of Shvetambara Doctrines (Continued): The author continues to dismantle Shvetambara doctrines, particularly those related to women's liberation, the nature of Kevalis, and the interpretation of scriptures. The arguments focus on the logical inconsistencies and scriptural contradictions within Shvetambara beliefs.
   • The True Path of Jainism: The author reiterates that true Jainism emphasizes detachment, self-control, adherence to the three jewels (Samyak Darshan, Samyak Gyan, Samyak Charitra), and the practice of Mahavratas.
   • The Author's Scholarly Background and Purpose: The text concludes with an introduction to the author, Ratnanandi (also possibly Ratnakirti), who describes himself as a disciple of Anantakirti and Lalitkirti. He states his intention to compile this history for the benefit of the Jain community and to counter the misconceptions propagated by the Shvetambara sect. He also mentions his modest aim to present the truth, acknowledging that his own understanding may be limited.

Key Figures:

• Bhadrabahu: The central figure, a revered Muni known for his profound knowledge, asceticism, and influence.
• Lord Mahavir: His prophecies and sermons form the basis of the narrative.
• King Shrenika: A devout follower of Lord Mahavir who seeks knowledge about the future.
• Acharya Govardhana: Bhadrabahu's guru, who recognizes his potential and guides him.
• Chandragupti Muni: A devoted disciple of Bhadrabahu, known for his unwavering faith and adherence to principles.
• Vishakhacharya: Bhadrabahu's successor, who leads the Sangha after Bhadrabahu's departure.
• Sthulabhadra: A prominent Jain scholar whose teachings are discussed, leading to a divergence in practices.
• Lunka: The founder of the Dhundhiya sect, a point of contention in the historical debate.
• King Chandragupta and Queen Chandrashri: Rulers of Ujjain whose story illustrates the foretelling of future events through dreams.
• King Rajapal and Queen Padmavati: Rulers of Karhadaksh, whose interactions with Jain monks highlight the spread and challenges faced by the faith.

Overall Message:

The "Bhadrabahu Charitra," as presented in this extract, serves as a historical and theological treatise aiming to:

• Glorify Jain Acharyas: To highlight the lives and teachings of great Jain figures like Bhadrabahu.
• Preserve Jain History: To address the perceived lack of detailed historical records and to contribute to the understanding of Jainism's past.
• Defend Jain Principles: To refute the doctrines of other sects, particularly Shvetambara beliefs, and to establish the antiquity and purity of the Digambara tradition.
• Promote Righteous Conduct: To encourage the Jain community to follow the path of true Dharma, emphasizing the importance of scripture, virtuous conduct, and detachment from worldly possessions.

The text is characterized by its detailed narratives, scriptural references, and the author's strong advocacy for the Digambara perspective in the historical and philosophical debates within Jainism.