Ardhamagdhi Vyakaran

This document is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text titled "Ardhamagdhi Vyakaran" by K. V. Apte, published by Shrutbhuvan Sansodhan Kendra. It appears to be a detailed grammatical study of the Ardhamagadhi language, which is significant as the language of the Shvetambara Jain Agamas.

Here's a breakdown of the content based on the provided pages:

Book Details & Publisher Information:

• Title: Ardhamagdhi Vyakaran (अर्धमागधी व्याकरण)
• Author: Prof. Dr. K. V. Apte (प्रा. डॉ. के. वा. आपटे)
• Publisher: Shrutbhuvan Sansodhan Kendra, Pune (श्रुतभवन संशोधन केन्द्र, पुणे)
• Additional Information: The Marathi translation of the Ardhamagadhi Grammar is also by Prof. Dr. K. V. Apte. The managing editor is Munishri Vairagyaratividhya Gani. The first edition was published in VS 2071 (2015 CE). Contact details for the publisher in Pune and for Prof. Dr. K. V. Apte in Sangli are provided.
• Sponsors/Benefactors: The publication was supported by Shrimati Chandrakalaben Sundarji Sheth and Bhai Shri (International Jain Foundation, Mumbai), and the Shri Adeshwar Maharaj Mandir Trust (Gotivala Dhada) received the benefit of this publication.

Preface ("Prakashakiy" and "Hridaygat"):

• The publishers express joy in releasing the Marathi translation of "Ardhamagdhi Vyakaran," acknowledging the rigorous effort by the dedicated team of Shrutbhuvan Sansodhan Kendra.
• Dr. K. V. Apte explains his motivation for writing this comprehensive grammar. He found deficiencies in existing Ardhamagadhi grammar books and wanted to create a book useful for both grammar and sentence construction, removing unnecessary translation passages.
• Key Features of the Grammar highlighted by Dr. Apte:
  1. Connections shown with Marathi wherever possible.
  2. प्राकृत (Prakrit) grammar sutras (rules) provided frequently.
  3. Ample examples given throughout.
  4. Examples for grammatical changes are drawn from original sources, not created by the author.
  5. Multiple Prakrit forms of a single Sanskrit word, and multiple Sanskrit words for a single Prakrit word are given.
  6. Most roots (dhātus) used in grammar (approx. 333) and common roots (approx. 300) are included.
  7. Nearly all Ardhamagadhi indeclinables (avyayas) are covered.
  8. Information on Maharashtri Prakrit forms found in Ardhamagadhi is provided in an appendix.
  9. The section on sentence construction ("Vakya Vichar") is very detailed with many examples.
  10. It includes idioms (approx. 175), phrases (approx. 40), specific sentences (approx. 75), proverbs (approx. 11), and epigrams (approx. 40) to aid in writing Ardhamagadhi.
  11. A significant feature is the detailed explanation and examples of the usage of specific indeclinables (approx. 90).
• The book is divided into five parts with 31 chapters in total, followed by an appendix and a bibliography.

Table of Contents (Anukramanika): The table of contents provides a detailed structure of the book, divided into five main sections:

• Introduction (Prastavik): Covers the nature of Prakrit, Ardhamagadhi, its name, and its relation to Maharashtri.
• Part One (Vibhag Pahila): Focuses on phonetics and morphology.
  • Chapter 1: Ardhamagadhi Alphabet (वर्णमाला) - including alphabet, pronunciation, general considerations, comparative study with Sanskrit, conjunct consonants.
  • Chapter 2: Sound Changes (Word Studies) (वर्णविकार - शब्दसाधनिका) - Introduction, vocabulary, sound changes.
  • Chapter 3: Vowel Changes (स्वरविकार) - Detailed analysis of vowel changes.
  • Chapter 4: Consonant Changes (व्यंजनविकार) - General considerations.
  • Chapter 5: Changes in Unconnected Consonants (असंयुक्तव्यंजनविकार) - covering initial, medial, and final consonants.
  • Chapter 6: Changes in Conjunct Consonants (संयुक्तव्यंजनविकार) - detailed analysis of conjunct consonants and their changes.
  • Chapter 7: Linguistic Sound Changes (भाषाशास्त्रीय वर्णादेश) - including elision, insertion, transposition of sounds.
  • Chapter 8: Word Studies (Sound Changes) - Roots (धातुसाधनिका).
  • Chapter 9: Sandhi (संधिविचार) - Rules for combining sounds.
• Part Two (Vibhag Dusara): Focuses on nominal and verbal forms.
  • Chapter 10: Noun Declension (नामरूपविचार) - detailed declension of various noun types (masculine, feminine, neuter endings), including irregular forms. Includes a supplement on Maharashtri noun declension.
  • Chapter 11: Pronoun Declension (सर्वनामरूपविचार) - Declension of personal, demonstrative, interrogative, and relative pronouns. Includes a supplement on Maharashtri pronoun declension.
  • Chapter 12: Adjective Declension (विशेषणरूपविचार) - Focuses on numerals and their forms. Includes supplements on forming larger numbers and derivations in compounds.
  • Chapter 13: Verb Conjugation (धातुरूपविचार) - Comparative analysis of Sanskrit and Ardhamagadhi verbs, conjugation in various tenses (present, past, future), moods (imperative, potential), and moods. Includes a supplement on Maharashtri verb conjugation.
  • Chapter 14: Indeclinables (अव्ययविचार) - Covers adverbs, postpositions, conjunctions, interjections, and particles.
• Part Three (Vibhag Tisara): Focuses on derivations.
  • Chapter 15: Derived Verbs (साधित शब्द : साधित धातू) - Causative, desiderative, intensive, nominal verbs.
  • Chapter 16: Derived Words (Verb-Derived Adjectives) (साधित शब्द : धातुसाधित विशेषणे) - Participles in various tenses and moods.
  • Chapter 17: Derived Words (Verb-Derived Indeclinables) (साधित शब्द : धातुसाधित अव्यये) - Gerunds and infinitives.
  • Chapter 18: Derived Words (Taddhita Process) (साधित शब्द : तद्धित प्रक्रिया) - Abstract nouns, possessive adjectives, diminutive words, derived indeclinables. Includes a supplement on other Taddhita words.
• Part Four (Vibhag Chautha): Focuses on Syntax.
  • Chapter 19: Compound Sentences (समासविचार) - Types of compounds and their analysis.
• Part Five (Vibhag Paachva): Focuses on advanced syntax and usage.
  • Chapter 20: Voice (प्रयोगविचार) - Active, Passive, and Impersonal voices.
  • Chapter 21: Usage of Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, and Verbs (नामांचे उपयोग, सर्वनामांचे उपयोग, विशेषणांचे उपयोग, क्रियापदांचे उपयोग).
  • Chapter 22: Usage of Indeclinables (अव्ययांचे उपयोग) - Detailed explanation of various indeclinables.
  • Chapter 23: Usage of Numbers (वचनांचे उपयोग) - Singular and Plural.
  • Chapter 24: Usage of Cases (विभक्तींचे उपयोग) - Detailed explanation of the usage of each case.
  • Chapter 25: Usage of Tenses and Moods (काळ व अर्थ यांचे उपयोग) - Detailed explanation of the usage of different tenses and moods.
  • Chapter 26: Usage of Some Verb-Derived Adjectives (काही धातुसाधित विशेषणांचे उपयोग).
  • Chapter 27: Usage of Lyabanta and Tumanta (ल्यबन्त व तुमन्त यांचे उपयोग).
  • Chapter 28: Agreement (संवादित्व) - Agreement between different parts of speech.
  • Chapter 29: Sentence Conjunction (वाक्ये जोडणे).
  • Chapter 30: Sentence Structure and Word Order (वाक्यातील शब्दक्रम व वाक्यक्रम).
  • Chapter 31: Punctuation and Writing Peculiarities (विरामचिह्ने व लेखनवैशिष्ट्ये).
• Appendices (Puravani): Include further information on Maharashtri Prakrit noun and pronoun declension, and other Prakrit features.

Content Preview (from Introduction, Alphabet, Sound Changes):

• Prakrit Languages: The introduction discusses the classification of Prakrit languages, mentioning Maharashtri, Paishachi, Magadhi, and Sauraseni as recognized by Vararuci, and including Arsha (Ardhamagadhi) and Apabhramsha by Hemachandra. Maharashtri is considered the most important.
• Meaning of Prakrit: Two interpretations are presented: either the original language of the people, or a derivative of Sanskrit.
• Ardhamagadhi: It is identified as the language of the Shvetambara Jain Agamas. The text notes that Ardhamagadhi is considered a divine language by Jains, and according to some Jain scriptures, Lord Mahavir preached in Ardhamagadhi, which was easily understood by all, even animals. The name "Ardhamagadhi" is explained as either "half of Magadhi" or related to the "half-Magadha" region.
• Ardhamagadhi vs. Maharashtri: It is stated that Ardhamagadhi's form bears more resemblance to Maharashtri than Magadhi, possibly due to historical reasons like the Jain migration to the south during a famine.
• Ardhamagadhi Grammar: Similar to other Prakrits, Ardhamagadhi grammar is described as "bahula" (having many rules and exceptions).
• Alphabet: The Ardhamagadhi alphabet is derived from Sanskrit, with some Sanskrit letters missing (like ṛ, ḷ, ḷ, ai, au, ś, ṣ, visarga) and some new additions (like lengthened e and o).
• Sound Changes: The book meticulously details vowel changes (स्वरविकार) and consonant changes (व्यंजनविकार), explaining how Sanskrit sounds are transformed into Ardhamagadhi. This includes specific rules and numerous examples for the transformation of vowels like ṛ, ṛ, lṛ, ai, au, and consonants like ś, ṣ, and conjunct consonants.

In essence, this is a highly detailed and academic grammar book aimed at providing a thorough understanding of the Ardhamagadhi language, its historical context, its relationship with other Prakrit languages, and its grammatical structure, with a particular emphasis on the transformation of Sanskrit into Ardhamagadhi. The book's extensive table of contents suggests it covers all major aspects of grammar, from phonetics and morphology to syntax and semantics.