Anuyogdwar Sutra Part 02

The provided text is the second part of the Anuyogdwar Sutra, a significant Jain scripture, with commentary by Kanhaiyalal Maharaj. Published by the A B Shwetambar Sthanakwasi Jain Shastroddhar Samiti, the book is a translation and detailed explanation of the original Prakrit text.

The initial pages (1-6) contain auspicious invocations, publisher details, and introductions, including the lineage of the commentators and patrons. Page 6 includes a Sanskrit verse praising the pursuit of knowledge and recognizing the vastness of time and space for spiritual endeavor.

The book then delves into a detailed explanation of various Jain philosophical and cosmological concepts. Key areas covered in the provided excerpt include:

• Rasa (Emotions/Moods): The text defines and elaborates on different emotional states like Bibhatsa Rasa (disgust), its characteristics (revulsion and non-violence), Hasya Rasa (humor), its causes (imitating age, dress, and speech), and Karuna Rasa (pathos) stemming from separation, bondage, disease, and death. It also defines Shanta Rasa (peace) as arising from mental concentration and freedom from faults.
• Naya (Standpoints/Perspectives): The Anuyogdwar Sutra, and this part of it, extensively discusses Naya, which are different ways of looking at reality. The text details various classifications of names (naming conventions) based on different Nayas, such as:
  • Gauṇa Nāya (Secondary/Attribute-based names) vs. Negoṇa Nāya (Non-secondary/Arbitrary names).
  • Ādānapad Nispanna (Names derived from the beginning of scriptures).
  • Pratipakṣa Dharma Nāya (Names based on opposing qualities).
  • Pradhānatāpada Nispanna (Names based on dominant qualities).
  • Anādi Siddhānta Nispanna (Names established from time immemorial).
  • Avayava Nispanna (Names derived from parts or limbs).
  • Samyoga Nispanna (Names derived from conjunction or association).
  • Pramāṇa Nispanna (Names derived from measures or proofs).
• Pramāṇa (Means of Knowledge/Measurement): The text discusses various types of Pramāṇa, including:
  • Nāma Pramāṇa (Name as a means of knowledge).
  • Sthāpanā Pramāṇa (Establishment/Symbolic representation as knowledge).
  • Dravya Pramāṇa (Substance/Matter as knowledge).
  • Bhāva Pramāṇa (State/Quality as knowledge).
  • Pratyakṣa Pramāṇa (Direct Perception) and its sub-types (Indriya Pratyakṣa, AnoIndriya Pratyakṣa).
  • Anumāna Pramāṇa (Inference) and its sub-types (Pūrvavat, Śeṣavat, Dṛṣṭasādharmyavat).
  • Upamāna Pramāṇa (Analogy) and its sub-types (Sādharmyopnīta, Vaidharmyopnīta).
  • Āgama Pramāṇa (Scriptural Authority).
• Measurement of Time and Space: The text delves into the quantification of time (e.g., time units like time, āvalikā, muhūrta, day, night, month, year, yuga, sāgaropama, etc.) and space (e.g., dimensions of bodies, measure of ātmāṅgula, utsédhaṅgula). It provides detailed calculations and relationships between these units, often using large numbers like palyopama and sāgaropama.
• Body Structures (Avagāhanā): It details the dimensional measurements (Avagāhanā) of the bodies of beings in different states of existence, including hell-dwellers (Nairayika), beings in lower worlds (Asurakumara, etc.), beings in different earthly realms, and even elemental beings (Prthvikaya, etc.). It also touches upon the dimensions of human bodies and their variations based on different regions (e.g., Devakuru, Uttarkuru).
• Names of Substances (Dravya) and their Quantity: The text enumerates and discusses the quantity of various substances like Dharmaastikaya, Adharmastikaya, Akashastikaya, Jeevastikaya, Pudgalastikaya, and Kalastikaya, explaining their numbers in terms of Pradesh (spatial units).
• Bondage and Liberation (Nirjara): While not explicitly detailed in the excerpt, the mention of 'karmakṣaya' and 'nirjara' hints at discussions related to the process of shedding karmas for liberation.
• Gunas (Qualities): The text discusses qualities like Jñāna (knowledge), Darśana (perception), and Chāritra (conduct) and their respective measures (Pramāṇa).
• Life Span (Ayuh-parimāṇa): A significant portion of the text focuses on the lifespan of beings in different realms, particularly the Naraka (hell-dwellers) in their respective subterranean earths, and various classes of celestial beings (Vyanntara, Jyotishka, Vaimānika), including their lifespan in terms of years and palyopamas/sāgaropamas. It also discusses the lifespans of beings in different biological categories (earth-bodied, water-bodied, fire-bodied, air-bodied, plant-bodied, and sentient beings).

The excerpt also highlights the extensive detail and systematic approach of Jain cosmology and philosophy, where concepts are meticulously defined, classified, and quantified, often using extremely large numbers to express cosmic durations and spatial extents. The commentary likely aims to make these complex concepts accessible to the reader. The text appears to be an academic or scholarly work within the Jain tradition.