Alankarsarvasva

This is a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Alankarsarvasva" by Rajanaka Ruyyaka, with the commentary of Jayaratha, as edited and revised by Pandit Girijaprasad Dwivedi, published by Pandurang Javaji in Bombay in 1939. The summary is based on the provided text, which includes a preface, historical introduction, and the initial parts of the commentary.

Overall Nature of the Text:

• Alankarsarvasva is a significant work in the field of Indian poetics (Alankara Shastra or Sahitya Shastra).
• It is a foundational text that systematically analyzes and explains various poetic figures (Alankaras) and related concepts.
• The edition includes the commentary of Jayaratha, which is crucial for understanding the nuances of Ruyyaka's original work.
• Pandit Girijaprasad Dwivedi's role as editor and reviser, including a historical introduction, adds significant scholarly value to this edition.

Key Themes and Concepts Discussed (Based on the provided pages):

1. The Importance of Alankara Shastra:

   • The preface (Prastavana) begins by establishing the significance of Alankara Shastra, referring to it as synonymous with literature (Sahitya) and as a governing principle for poetic composition (Kavya Karma).
   • It is equated to the "Shabdanushasana" (grammar of words) as the "Kavya Anushasana" (discipline of poetry).
   • The term "Alankara" itself is derived from "alankriyate anena" (that which adorns), highlighting its role in enhancing poetry.

2. Historical Context and Origins of Indian Poetics:

   • Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni: The text traces the origin of the discipline back to Bharata Muni's Natya Shastra. It suggests that Bharata Muni's work predates other literary treatises.
   • The Role of Natya Shastra: Natya Shastra is described as the science of drama (Natya), guiding actors (Nata) in their performance. It emphasizes the transformative and aesthetic purpose of drama, leading to the ultimate well-being of the audience.
   • Theories of Origin: The text discusses the divine origin of the Natya Veda, believed to have been taught by Brahma to Bharata for the welfare of the world. It was first performed during the festival of Indra's victory.
   • Treta Yuga and Human Nature: The introduction of Natya Shastra is placed in the Treta Yuga, a period when human desires for pleasure and aversion to pain become pronounced, unlike the equanimity of the Krita Yuga. Natya is presented as a means to guide these human tendencies.
   • Influence on Later Works: It is stated that works on Alankara and poetic principles by Bhamaha and others were based on or influenced by the Natya Shastra. The Agni Purana is also mentioned as a source for literary principles.

3. Analysis of Core Poetic Elements:

   • Guna (Quality): The text delves into the concept of Guna, defining it as an intrinsic quality that enhances poetry, inherent in both sound (Shabda) and meaning (Artha). It discusses the debate about whether Gunas reside in the letters (Varna) or the overall composition.
   • Riti (Style/Convention): Riti is described as the arrangement of words that express Gunas. The text mentions the traditional classification of Riti into Vaidarbhi, Gaudi, and Panchali, originating from regional influences. It also notes alternative classifications like Upanagarika, Parusha, and Komala.
   • Alankara (Figure of Speech): Alankaras are defined as embellishments that enhance the beauty of poetry, operating through external means. They are distinct from Gunas, which are internal. The text highlights that Alankaras function by making the subject matter (Angi Rasa) more appealing. It contrasts Alankaras with Gunas, stating that while Gunas are related to Rasa, Alankaras are primarily decorative.

4. Historical Development of Alankara Shastra:

   • The preface provides a brief overview of prominent figures and their contributions, including:
     • Bhamaha: Mentioned as an early proponent of Alankaras.
     • Udbhata: Recognized for his classification and analysis.
     • Dandin: Mentioned in relation to his "Kavyadarsha."
     • Vamana: Discussed for his contribution to Riti theory.
     • Mammata: Referred to as a significant figure whose work (Kavyaprakasha) codified earlier theories.
     • Bhoja: Mentioned for his views on Gunas.
   • The text notes the evolution of Alankara Shastra, with later scholars like Mammata integrating earlier concepts. It also highlights the increasing number and classification of Alankaras over time.

5. The Author and His Other Works:

   • The introduction identifies the author as Rajanaka Ruyyaka, who was also known as Ruyyaka Acharya.
   • His approximate time is placed in the first half of the 12th century CE.
   • His other known works include:
     • Alankaranusharini (commentary on Somapala Vilasa)
     • Sahitya Mimamsa
     • Nataka Mimamsa
     • Harshacharita Vartika
     • Vyakti Viveka Vyakhayana (commentary on Mahimabhatta)
     • Sahridaya Lila
     • Srikantha Stava

6. The Commentary of Jayaratha:

   • Jayaratha is identified as the author of the commentary named Alankara Vimarsini.
   • He is described as the son of Srinagar Kavi, a minister of the king of Kashmir.
   • His time is placed in the latter half of the 12th century CE.
   • Jayaratha's commentary is praised for its detailed analysis, clarity, and its ability to elaborate on concepts that Ruyyaka might have presented concisely.

7. Discussions on Specific Alankaras and Concepts:

   • The text begins to discuss various Alankaras and their classifications, including:
     • Punarukti (Repetition): Different types like Arthapunarukti (repetition of meaning), Shabda-Arthapunarukti (repetition of word and meaning), and Shabda-Punarukti (repetition of word) are mentioned.
     • Anupras (Alliteration): Different types like Chhekanupras, Vṛttyanupras, and Latyanupras are introduced.
     • Upama (Simile): Mentioned as a foundational Alankara and the seed for many others.
     • The summary hints at the detailed discussion of various other Alankaras like Ananvaya, Upameopama, Rupaka, Utpreksha, Atishayokti, and many more, as indicated by the table of contents (Vishayanukramanika).

Specific Contributions of the Editor (Girijaprasad Dwivedi):

• He is responsible for the historical introduction, providing crucial context for the work.
• He also edited and revised the text, indicating a careful and scholarly approach to the publication.
• The preface acknowledges the contribution of Shri Gangadhar Dwivedi in the editorial process.

Overall Significance:

This edition of Alankarsarvasva is presented as a valuable resource for scholars and students of Indian poetics. It provides access to a key classical text along with its authoritative commentary, enriched by the editor's historical insights. The detailed breakdown of poetic elements and historical figures suggests a rigorous academic approach to the subject. The text aims to illuminate the principles of poetry and aesthetics, as understood and developed within the Indian tradition.