Ahimsa Mimansa

Here's a comprehensive summary of the Jain text "Ahimsa Mimansa" by Dr. Kanubhai Sheth and Gunvant Barvalia, based on the provided pages:

Book Title: Ahimsa Mimansa (Commentary on Non-Violence) Author(s): Dr. Kanubhai Sheth, Gunvant Barvalia Publisher: SKPG Jain Philosophical and Literary Research Centre

Core Concept: Ahimsa as the Heart of Jainism and Universal Dharma

"Ahimsa Mimansa" posits that Ahimsa (non-violence) is the foundational principle of Jainism, established on a psychological basis. It is described as the essence of the teachings of the Arhats (enlightened beings) and the abode of pure and perpetual Dharma. The observance of Ahimsa leads to the arising of virtues like truth, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-attachment. It is fundamentally an act of reverence for all living beings, with all Dharmas ultimately merging into Ahimsa.

Mahavira's Teachings and the Essence of Ahimsa:

The text highlights Lord Mahavira's proclamation on Ahimsa: "It is you, to whom you wish to kill, It is you, to whom you rule over..." This emphasizes the interconnectedness of all beings and the self's inherent presence in the other. A wise person, understanding this, refrains from killing or causing harm. The book stresses the importance of protecting every soul, from the smallest to the largest, as all creatures desire happiness and dislike suffering.

Internal vs. External Violence:

A significant distinction is drawn between external and internal violence. While external violence involves physical harm, mental violence is considered more powerful. Lord Mahavira's emphasis is on overcoming internal enemies (passions, negative emotions) rather than external ones. Defeating these internal enemies, which hinder the soul's progress, leads to true victory, whereas external victories are fleeting and only affect the current life.

Ahimsa as a Universal Principle:

The text explores how Ahimsa is recognized across various religions, although its interpretation and practice vary. While other religions may forbid killing humans and animals, Jainism extends its scope to include causing pain to even the smallest forms of life (Ekendriya). The book contrasts the limited scope of non-violence in some other traditions (e.g., Abrahamic religions) with the more comprehensive and rigorous application in Jainism.

Psychological Basis of Ahimsa:

Jainism's commitment to Ahimsa is rooted in the psychological understanding that all living beings desire happiness and aversion to misery. This innate desire forms the basis for respecting the life and well-being of others. Ahimsa is to be practiced through mind, speech, and body (Navkoti). The book emphasizes that sin is not solely derived from direct actions but also from encouraging, supporting, or consenting to violence.

The King's Dilemma and Virodhi Violence:

A hypothetical scenario is presented of a non-violent king facing an invasion. The text argues that while direct violence for personal gain is wrong, a king has a duty to protect his kingdom and people. In such situations, defensive violence (Virodhi violence), undertaken without malice or desire for expansion, for the protection of dharma and people, is considered a duty. Examples of Lord Rama and Lord Krishna are cited to illustrate the necessity of righteous defense when non-violence is insufficient.

Ahimsa as the Religion of the Brave:

Contrary to the perception that Ahimsa is for the weak or cowardly, the book asserts that it is the religion of the brave. True bravery lies in self-sacrifice and upholding truth, as demonstrated by figures like Mahatma Gandhi. The text argues that internal conflicts and attachment to power, rather than non-violence, lead to societal weakness and downfall.

Types of Violence and Their Renunciation:

The text categorizes violence into four types:

• Sankalpi (Intentional): Violence performed with a specific malicious intent. This is strongly condemned and should be renounced.
• Arambhi (For Sustenance): Violence necessary for daily needs and societal maintenance. This should be minimized and conducted with care.
• Udyogi (For Livelihood/Business): Violence involved in professions like business and agriculture. This can be managed through ethical practices.
• Virodhi (Defensive): Violence undertaken for self-defense or protection against injustice. This is considered unavoidable in certain circumstances.

The primary focus is on renouncing Sankalpi violence, which stems from greed, desire, and attachment.

Mental and Materialistic Violence:

• Mental Violence (Bhav Himsa): This refers to internal intentions, thoughts, and emotions like anger, pride, greed, and illusion, even without outward action. It is considered more detrimental than external violence as it corrupts the soul and its qualities.
• Materialistic Violence (Dravya Himsa): This refers to unavoidable violence occurring in daily activities, like farming or walking, even when one's intentions are pure. While it may result in the termination of life externally, it is not considered sinful if devoid of malicious intent (Kashayas).

Non-Attachment and Anekantvad as Nourishers of Non-Violence:

The text highlights Non-attachment (Aparigraha) as the mother of non-violence. Attachment to possessions and sensual pleasures fuels violence. Anekantvad (the principle of manifold aspects) is presented as crucial for resolving conflicts and fostering understanding, thus supporting non-violence.

Ahimsa in the Current Context:

The book emphasizes the critical need for Ahimsa in the modern world, especially with the destructive capabilities of science and technology. It calls for a return to the core principles of compassion, pity, and mutual respect to avert global destruction and foster peace. Ahimsa is presented as the essence of all religions, and without it, religion becomes hollow.

The Nuances of Ahimsa in Jainism:

The text delves into the intricate understanding of Ahimsa in Jainism, including:

• Sensitivity of All Life: Even plants and leaves are considered to possess souls and sensitivity.
• The Importance of Intention: The true measure of violence lies in the intention (Kashaya) behind an action, not just the outward manifestation.
• The Hierarchy of Life: While all life is precious, the violence against more developed beings (like humans) is considered more severe due to the intensity of Kashayas.
• Vegetarianism: The text strongly advocates for vegetarianism, not only for health reasons but also as a direct manifestation of Ahimsa.

In conclusion, "Ahimsa Mimansa" presents a profound exploration of the Jain principle of non-violence, emphasizing its psychological underpinnings, its universal relevance, and its intricate application across various aspects of life. It advocates for a life rooted in compassion, self-control, and reverence for all beings, highlighting Ahimsa not as an act of weakness but as the ultimate expression of courage and spiritual development.