Agam Sutra Hindi Anuvad Part 12

The document provided is Volume 12 of the "Agam Sutra Hindi Anuvad" (Jain Agama Sutras with Hindi Translation) by Muni Deepratnasagar. It covers four key Jain Agam Sutras:

1. Dashavaikalik Sutra (दशवैकालिक सूत्र): This volume contains the Hindi translation of the 1st through 4th chapters (Adhyayans). The content focuses on the conduct of Jain ascetics (monks and nuns). Key themes include:

   • Drumpushpika (द्रुमपुष्पिका - Chapter 1): The virtues of Dharma (righteousness), emphasizing non-violence (ahimsa), self-control (sanyam), and penance (tapas). It uses the metaphor of a bee collecting nectar from flowers without harming them to illustrate the proper way for ascetics to subsist on alms.
   • Shramanyapurva (श्रामण्यपूर्व - Chapter 2): This chapter deals with the challenges and principles of monastic life. It stresses the importance of detachment from worldly pleasures (like clothing, scents, adornments, women, beds, seats) and the practice of equanimity. It also discusses how to deal with temptations and maintain spiritual discipline.
   • Kshullakacharya Katha (क्षुल्लकआचार कथा - Chapter 3): This chapter outlines the strict rules and prohibitions for ascetics, referred to as "Kshullaka" (a lower order of monks). It details various forbidden actions like accepting specific types of food, engaging in certain activities, or using certain items, all aimed at preventing harm to living beings. It reiterates the purity and detachment required of a true ascetic.
   • ShadJeevanikaya (षड्जीवनिकाय - Chapter 4): This chapter is dedicated to the crucial Jain principle of non-violence (ahimsa) towards all living beings. It elaborates on the six categories of life (Jeeva) – Earth-bodied (Prithvi Kayika), Water-bodied (Ap Kayika), Fire-bodied (Tejas Kayika), Air-bodied (Vayu Kayika), Vegetation-bodied (Vanaspatikayika), and Sensorial (Trasa Kayika) beings. It stresses the importance of causing no harm (violence) to any of these, whether intentionally or unintentionally, and the practice of the first great vow (Maha-vrata) of Ahimsa. It further explains the vows related to not speaking falsehood, not stealing, celibacy, and non-possession.

2. Uttaradhyayan Sutra (उत्तराध्ययन सूत्र): This volume contains the Hindi translation of chapters 1 through 36. This Sutra is a comprehensive guide to Jain monastic conduct and philosophy, covering a wide range of topics. Key themes include:

   • Vinayashruta (विनयश्रुत - Chapters 1-16): Focuses on the importance of humility, respect, and proper conduct (vinaya) towards one's preceptors (Gurus) and senior monks. It highlights the consequences of disrespect and the benefits of proper conduct for spiritual progress.
   • Parishahavibhukti (परिषहविभक्ति - Chapters 17-38): This section details the twenty-two types of hardships or trials (Parishah) that ascetics must endure with equanimity and detachment, such as hunger, thirst, cold, heat, insects, nakedness, lack of consent, women, travel, sitting, sleeping, abusive speech, physical assault, begging, lack of gain, illness, physical discomforts, dirt, honor/dishonor, knowledge, ignorance and right-faith. It emphasizes that overcoming these trials is essential for spiritual purification and liberation.
   • Chaturangiya (चातुरंगीय - Chapters 39-48): This chapter discusses the four rare and precious elements necessary for spiritual progress: human birth, hearing the true Dharma, faith in it, and exertion in spiritual practice (Sanyam). It emphasizes the rarity of these and the need to utilize them wisely.
   • Asamskrita (असंस्कृत - Chapters 49-58): This chapter speaks about the impermanence of life, the futility of worldly pursuits, and the importance of self-control and renunciation to avoid falling into lower realms. It warns against attachment to wealth, family, and pleasures.
   • Akamamaraniya (अकाममरण - Chapters 59-71): This section contrasts 'akam-maran' (accidental death) with 'sakama-maran' (intentional, conscious death during spiritual practice). It highlights the negative consequences of 'akam-maran' due to ignorance and attachment, leading to rebirth in hells, whereas 'sakama-maran' leads to auspicious rebirths or liberation. It describes the suffering in hells and the bliss of heavenly states, encouraging a life of renunciation and virtue.
   • Kshullaka Nirgranthiya (क्षुल्लकनिर्ग्रन्थी - Chapters 72-78): This chapter focuses on the qualities of a true ascetic (Nirgrantha), distinguishing them from those who merely wear the outward appearance of monasticism but lack inner discipline. It stresses that true asceticism lies in renouncing attachment to external possessions, purity of conduct, and detachment from worldly desires.
   • Urbhriya (उर्भरिय - Chapters 79-83): This chapter uses the metaphor of a lamb being raised for sacrifice to illustrate the plight of beings who engage in sinful deeds, unaware of the impending consequences. It warns against attachment to worldly pleasures and the importance of realizing the impermanence of life and the law of karma.
   • Kapiliya (कापिलिय - Chapters 84-88): This chapter uses the story of Kapila Muni and his teachings to emphasize the importance of detachment, renunciation, and controlling the senses, especially the attraction towards women, as a path to liberation.
   • Nami Pravrajya (नमिप्रव्रज्या - Chapters 89-95): This chapter narrates the story of King Nami who renounced his kingdom and worldly possessions upon realizing the impermanence of life and the ultimate futility of attachment. It highlights the spiritual dialogue between King Nami and Indra, emphasizing the superiority of renunciation and self-control over worldly power and pleasures.
   • Drumapatra (द्रुमपत्रक - Chapters 96-108): This chapter uses various metaphors, like the ephemeral nature of dew drops, to stress the urgency of spiritual practice and the need to avoid procrastination. It warns against attachment to fleeting worldly pleasures and encourages constant vigilance and effort in the path of liberation.
   • Chitrasambhuti (चित्रसम्भूती - Chapters 109-115): This chapter narrates the story of Chitrasambhuti and Sambhuti, who, after experiencing various forms of existence in different lifetimes due to their karma, eventually renounced the world and attained liberation. It emphasizes the impact of karma and the importance of virtuous conduct for spiritual progress.
   • Ishukariya (इषुकारीय - Chapters 116-128): This chapter uses the analogy of archery to explain the importance of focus, discipline, and precision in spiritual practice. It stresses the need to aim at the right target (liberation) and to practice diligently, avoiding distractions.
   • Keshi Gautamiy (केशिगौतमीय - Chapters 129-137): This chapter recounts the philosophical discourse between the Jain monk Keshi and the Bauddha monk Gautama, where Keshi establishes the superiority of Jain principles like ahimsa and self-control. It highlights the importance of correct understanding of the Jina's teachings.
   • Rathnemiya (रथनेमीय - Chapters 138-147): This chapter narrates the story of Rathnemi, who renounced worldly pleasures and attained spiritual heights. It emphasizes the impermanence of worldly life and the transient nature of pleasures, urging the reader to focus on the eternal path of liberation.
   • Brahhmacharya Samadhi Sthan (ब्रह्मचर्य समाधि स्थान - Chapters 148-156): This chapter details the ten essential principles and practices for maintaining celibacy and mental purity, crucial for spiritual advancement in Jainism. It covers aspects like avoiding inappropriate company, controlling senses, and cultivating inner peace.
   • Pashpasramana (पापश्रमण - Chapters 157-162): This chapter discusses the concept of 'papashramana' (sinful asceticism) – those who outwardly appear as ascetics but harbor inner defilements like pride, greed, anger, or attachment. It contrasts them with true ascetics who possess genuine renunciation and purity of conduct.
   • Samyata (संजयीय - Chapters 163-174): This chapter describes the qualities of a 'Samyata' (one who is restrained), emphasizing the importance of controlling the senses, mind, and speech, and living a life of detachment and equanimity.
   • Dharmavibhakti (धर्मविभक्ति - Chapters 175-182): This chapter delves into the nuances of Dharma (righteousness), explaining its various aspects and classifications, and stressing the importance of practicing it in its true essence.
   • Jivajivavibhag (जीवाजीवविभक्ति - Chapters 183-197): This chapter explains the fundamental Jain distinction between Jiva (soul) and Ajiva (non-soul), elaborating on their characteristics, nature, and interactions according to Jain philosophy.
   • Other Chapters (183-197): While the initial chapters are described in detail, the subsequent chapters cover a broad spectrum of Jain teachings, including different types of ascetic conduct, philosophical concepts, karmic processes, ethical principles, and the path to liberation.

3. Nandi Sutra (नंदीसूत्र): This volume includes the Hindi translation of the first chulika (appendix or supplementary text) of the Nandi Sutra. The Nandi Sutra is an important text for understanding Jain epistemology and the classification of knowledge. The translated portion likely covers:

   • Praise of the Tirthankaras and the Sangha: Beginning with invocations and salutations to the Tirthankaras and the Jain community (Sangha).
   • Classification of Knowledge (Jñāna): Detailed explanation of the five types of knowledge in Jainism: Mati (sense-based knowledge), Shruta (scriptural knowledge), Avadhi (clairvoyance), Manahparyaya (telepathy), and Kevala (omniscience). It discusses their origins, scope, and limitations.
   • Anujñana (अनुज्ञा - Permission/Concurrence): This section seems to detail various aspects of permission and concurrence in Jain practice.
   • Jñana (ज्ञान - Knowledge): Further elaboration on the nature and types of knowledge.
   • Lesseya (लेश्या - Soul-colors/Karmic influences): Discussion on the six types of Leshyas (soul-colors) and their impact on an individual's spiritual state and destiny.
   • Naya (नय - Standpoints/Approaches): Explanation of the different philosophical standpoints (Nayas) used in Jain logic to understand reality.
   • Vaktavyata (वक्तव्यता - Statement/Explanation): The manner in which things are stated or explained.
   • Upakrama (उपक्रम - Beginning/Initiation): Discussion on the commencement of actions or practices.

4. Anuyogadvara Sutra (अनुयोगद्वार सूत्र): This volume contains the Hindi translation of the second chulika of the Anuyogadvara Sutra. The Anuyogadvara Sutra is considered the key to understanding the Anuyogas (categories of Jain scriptures and their contents). The translated portion likely covers:

   • Nigama (निक्षेप - Classification/Categorization): This section seems to detail the various ways of classifying phenomena according to Jain philosophy, including names, establishments, substances, space, time, and states of being.
   • Anukrama (अनुक्रम - Sequence/Order): Discussion on the sequential arrangement of Jain teachings and concepts.
   • Vakya (वाक्य - Statement/Sentence): Explanation of the structure and meaning of Jain scriptures.
   • Artha (अर्थ - Meaning/Purpose): Elaboration on the ultimate meaning and purpose behind Jain teachings and practices.

In essence, Volume 12 of "Agam Sutra Hindi Anuvad" serves as a detailed exposition of Jain ascetic conduct, ethical principles, philosophical concepts, and the path to liberation, as expounded in these foundational Agam texts. The translation aims to make these profound teachings accessible in Hindi.