Agam Deep 10 Panhaavagaranam Gujarati Anuvaad

This document is the Gujarati translation and commentary ("Gurjar Chhaya") of the "Panhaavagaranam" (Prashna Vyakarana), the tenth Anga of the Jain Agamas, translated and elaborated by Muni Deepratnasagar. It is part of a larger series titled "Agam Deep."

Here's a comprehensive summary based on the provided text:

Overall Context:

• Title: Agam Deep 10 Panhaavagaranam Gujarati Anuvaad (Agam Deep 10: Gujarati Translation of Panhaavagaranam)
• Author/Translator: Muni Deepratnasagar (commentary/translation)
• Publisher: Agam Shrut Prakashan
• Purpose: To provide a Gujarati explanation and commentary of the tenth Anga of the Jain Agamas, making the profound teachings accessible to Gujarati-speaking Jains.
• Structure: The document details the content of the Panhaavagaranam, outlining its two main parts: Ashravadwar (gateways of influx of karma) and Samvaradwar (gateways of cessation of karma).

Key Content and Themes:

The core of the text is a detailed explanation of the principles of Ashrava (influx of karma) and Samvara (cessation of karma), as presented in the Panhaavagaranam.

1. Ashravadwar (Gateways of Karma Influx):

This section meticulously details the five primary causes of karma influx, explaining their nature, consequences, and the actions of those who engage in them.

• Adhyayan 1: Himsa (Violence/Injury):

  • Nature of Himsa: Described as a sinful, fierce, cruel, daring, unjust, and terrifying act that leads to hell, fear, and suffering.
  • 30 Names of Himsa: The text lists 30 synonyms for violence, emphasizing its destructive nature.
  • Types of Violence: Details violence committed against various life forms (water-dwelling, land-dwelling, aerial beings, and even one-sensed beings like earth-bodied, water-bodied, fire-bodied, air-bodied, and vegetation). It categorizes animals by their senses and the specific reasons for their harm (skin, fat, meat, tusks, horns, etc.).
  • Causes of Violence: Explains that violence is committed for various reasons like greed, lust, anger, attachment, desire for wealth, religious ritual (erroneously), and even for seemingly mundane purposes like clothing or shelter.
  • Perpetrators of Violence: Identifies hunters, fishermen, those who harm animals for their body parts, and various groups from different regions known for their violent practices.
  • Consequences of Violence: A significant portion describes the horrific suffering in hell and the lower realms (Tiryancha gati) for those who commit violence. This includes detailed descriptions of torments, rebirths, and the miserable conditions faced by animals. It also outlines the repercussions in human life, such as physical deformities, illness, poverty, and social stigma.
  • Detailed Descriptions: The text provides extensive and graphic descriptions of the tortures in hell, inflicted by Paramadhami Devas (demons), and the suffering of beings in the animal kingdom, highlighting the cyclical nature of suffering due to past karma.

• Adhyayan 2: Mrushavada (False Speech/Lying):

  • Nature of Mrushavada: Characterized as a cause of infamy, fear, suffering, and discord, stemming from deceit and distrust. It leads to unfavorable rebirths and prolonged suffering.
  • 30 Names of False Speech: Similar to Himsa, it lists synonyms for lying, emphasizing its varied forms.
  • Types of False Speech: Encompasses speaking what is not true, deceitful speech, slander, gossip, betrayal, false accusations, misleading statements, and even nihilistic philosophies that deny the soul, karma, rebirth, or the efficacy of virtuous actions.
  • Perpetrators of False Speech: Includes those who are deceitful, greedy, envious, those who exploit others, and particularly those who propagate false or atheistic doctrines.
  • Consequences of False Speech: Detailed descriptions of suffering in hell and the animal kingdom, similar to Himsa, along with negative consequences in human life like loss of reputation, betrayal by friends, being insulted, and intellectual dimness.

• Adhyayan 3: Adattadana (Stealing/Taking What is Not Given):

  • Nature of Adattadana: Described as an act that causes mental distress, fear of punishment, and leads to downfall. It is rooted in greed and covetousness.
  • 30 Names of Stealing: Lists synonyms for theft and related actions.
  • Types of Stealing: Includes outright theft, cheating, deception, misappropriation of property, and even the more subtle forms of taking what is not freely offered. It extends to the actions of armies and kings who seize wealth and territory, as well as the detailed consequences of such actions.
  • Perpetrators of Stealing: Identifies thieves, robbers, fraudsters, those who engage in illicit trade, and even kings and armies who plunder.
  • Consequences of Stealing: Extensive descriptions of the severe punishments in hell and the resulting suffering in human life, including imprisonment, physical punishment, ostracization, loss of wealth, and birth in lower realms. The text also illustrates the battlefield scenarios as a form of large-scale stealing and violence.

• Adhyayan 4: Abrahmacharya (Unchastity/Lust):

  • Nature of Abrahmacharya: Considered a root cause of attachment, delusion, and suffering, leading to the downfall of even powerful beings. It hinders spiritual progress and leads to rebirths in various realms.
  • 30 Names of Unchastity: Lists synonyms related to lust and illicit sexual conduct.
  • Forms of Unchastity: Details sensual indulgence, attachment to physical beauty, lustful thoughts, and the various forms of sexual misconduct. It also touches upon the lives of divine beings, kings, and even the concept of "Jugaliya" humans to illustrate the pervasiveness of this passion.
  • Consequences of Unchastity: Descriptions of suffering in hell, the animal kingdom, and the human realm, including the loss of virtue, reputation, and spiritual attainment. It also highlights how this passion leads to the downfall of beings even in higher realms.

• Adhyayan 5: Parigraha (Possessiveness/Attachment):

  • Nature of Parigraha: Defined as the root of all suffering, a disease that afflicts even gods and kings. It is an endless desire for accumulation and attachment to possessions.
  • 30 Names of Possessiveness: Lists synonyms for attachment and hoarding.
  • Forms of Possessiveness: Encompasses attachment to wealth, property, relationships, sensory pleasures, physical body, and even intellectual pride. It highlights how even seemingly virtuous acts can become tainted by possessiveness.
  • Perpetrators of Possessiveness: Includes kings, gods, and ordinary beings who are constantly accumulating and attached to their possessions and relationships.
  • Consequences of Possessiveness: Explains that possessiveness leads to endless cycles of birth and death, attachment to worldly pleasures, and ultimately, suffering. It underscores that even the highest beings are not exempt from this affliction.

2. Samvaradwar (Gateways of Karma Cessation):

This section shifts focus to the path of liberation, outlining the five virtues that lead to the cessation of karma influx. Each virtue is described with its importance, the actions required for its practice, and its spiritual benefits.

• Adhyayan 1: Ahimsa (Non-Violence):

  • Nature of Ahimsa: Presented as the supreme virtue, the refuge for all beings, and the foundation of all spiritual progress. It is described as universally beneficial.
  • 60 Names of Ahimsa: A comprehensive list of synonyms and attributes of Ahimsa, highlighting its multifaceted nature.
  • Practice of Ahimsa: Emphasizes carefulness in all actions, protection of all living beings (three-sensed, four-sensed, five-sensed, and even one-sensed beings), and mindful conduct.
  • Five Samitis and Three Guptis: The practice of Ahimsa is intrinsically linked to the five Samitis (careful conduct) – Iryapatha Samiti (careful walking), Bhasha Samiti (careful speech), Aadana Nikshepana Samiti (careful taking and placing), Aadara Nikshepana Samiti (careful handling of objects), and Utsarga Samiti (careful excretion) – and the three Guptis (control of mind, speech, and body).
  • Benefits of Ahimsa: Leads to liberation, freedom from suffering, attainment of knowledge, and a virtuous life.

• Adhyayan 2: Satya (Truthfulness):

  • Nature of Satya: Described as pure, auspicious, and beneficial, leading to respect and divine protection. It is the foundation of all virtues.
  • Practice of Satya: Encompasses speaking what is beneficial, true, and pleasant. It warns against speaking harsh, divisive, or untruthful words, even if they seem factual.
  • Five Bhavanas (Mental Cultivations) for Satya: Emphasis on contemplation, controlling anger, renouncing greed, cultivating courage, and practicing silence (observing Mauna).
  • Benefits of Satya: Leads to spiritual purity, the fulfillment of vows, and the attainment of divine knowledge and powers.

• Adhyayan 3: Datta-Anugrahan (Accepting Only What is Given/Non-Stealing):

  • Nature of Datta-Anugrahan: The virtue of taking only what is rightfully given or permitted. It is the opposite of stealing and leads to mental peace and freedom from fear.
  • Practice of Datta-Anugrahan: Involves avoiding taking anything that is not given, even if it is found or misplaced. This applies to possessions, food, and even services.
  • Five Bhavanas for Datta-Anugrahan: These focus on dwelling in secluded places, avoiding the use of things without permission, not cutting or damaging vegetation for personal use, not consuming food that is not properly received, and showing respect and humility.
  • Benefits of Datta-Anugrahan: Leads to freedom from attachment, purity of conduct, and spiritual liberation.

• Adhyayan 4: Brahmacharya (Celibacy/Chastity):

  • Nature of Brahmacharya: Considered the root of all spiritual disciplines, leading to immense spiritual power and liberation. It is described as a difficult but highly rewarding virtue.
  • Practice of Brahmacharya: Emphasizes complete control over sensory desires, avoidance of lustful thoughts, speech, and actions. It involves detachment from physical beauty and sensual pleasures.
  • Five Bhavanas for Brahmacharya: These focus on avoiding places associated with temptation, refraining from observing beautiful forms, controlling speech related to sensual matters, not recalling past sensual experiences, and consuming food that is not stimulating or conducive to lust.
  • Benefits of Brahmacharya: Leads to immense spiritual merit, powers, and ultimately, liberation from the cycle of birth and death.

• Adhyayan 5: Aparigraha (Non-Possessiveness/Detachment):

  • Nature of Aparigraha: The practice of renouncing all forms of attachment and possessiveness, both internal and external. It is the ultimate detachment from worldly things.
  • Practice of Aparigraha: Involves minimizing one's possessions, detaching from relationships, and cultivating equanimity towards all worldly objects and experiences. This extends to the careful handling and acceptance of alms.
  • Five Bhavanas for Aparigraha: These focus on contentment, lack of desire, renunciation of specific pleasurable items, avoiding attachment to sensory objects, and maintaining equanimity in all situations.
  • Benefits of Aparigraha: Leads to ultimate freedom, peace, and the cessation of all karmic influx.

Key Features of the Translation:

• "Gurjar Chhaya": The commentary aims to explain the complex philosophical concepts in simple Gujarati.
• Emphasis on Consequences: The text strongly emphasizes the dire consequences of Ashrava (violence, lying, stealing, unchastity, possessiveness) through vivid descriptions of hellish suffering and the hardships in the animal and human realms.
• Path to Liberation: It clearly outlines the five virtues of Samvara as the path to overcome suffering and achieve liberation.
• Practical Guidance: The "Bhavanas" (mental cultivations) associated with each Samvara provide practical guidance for spiritual practice.
• Sponsorship and Publication: The document lists various individuals and organizations that sponsored the publication, indicating a community effort to preserve and disseminate Jain scriptures.
• List of Agamas: The latter part of the document includes an extensive list of the Jain Agamas and their parts, indicating the broader scope of the "Agam Deep" series.

In essence, "Agam Deep 10 Panhaavagaranam Gujarati Anuvaad" serves as a comprehensive guide to understanding the Jain doctrine of karma, its causes, and its cessation, presented in an accessible Gujarati language, enriched by a detailed commentary that highlights the spiritual implications of each principle.